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transition renewable heat solar wave wind community farm floating wind turbine forecasting industry lens outline rights turbine windbelt windpump sustainable transport green vehicle electric vehicle bicycle solar vehicle wind powered vehicle human electric twike plug in human powered transport helicopter hydrofoil land vehicle bicycle cycle rickshaw kick scooter quadracycle tricycle velomobile roller skating skateboarding walking watercraft personal transporter rail transport tram rapid transit personal rapid transit category renewable energy portal v t e biogas is a renewable gaseous fuel generated from organic materials including agricultural residues manure municipal waste plant matter sewage wastewater green waste and food waste biogas is produced industrially via anaerobic digestion with anaerobic organisms or methanogens inside an anaerobic digester or other type of bioreactor 1 the gas composition is primarily methane ch 4 and carbon dioxide co 2 with small amounts of hydrogen sulfide h 2 s produced as a byproduct biogas is typically saturated with water vapour as a result of anaerobic micro organisms living in water trace quantities of volatile organic compounds and siloxanes can also vapourize into biogas if they are present in the biomass feedstock biogas is considered to be a renewable energy resource as the methane can be combusted to release energy this energy release allows biogas to be used as a fuel biogas and its derivatives are used for multiple purposes including heat for cooking electricity generation and as a vehicle fuel 2 at a high level biogas is a carbon neutral fuel in so far as emissions of carbon dioxide from its combustion are matched by carbon dioxide pulled from the atmosphere to produce biomass 3 in practice the carbon intensity of biogas can vary depending on emissions from the production of biomass and the processes used to produce and upgrade biogas 4 in some applications the capturing of biogas can avoid emissions of methane reducing overall emissions 5 biogas can be upgraded to natural gas quality specifications by stripping carbon dioxide and other contaminants biogas that has been upgraded to interchangeability with natural gas is called renewable natural gas rng rng can be used as a drop in fuel in the gas grid or to produce compressed natural gas as a vehicle fuel 4 production edit biogas is produced by microorganisms such as methanogens and sulfate reducing bacteria performing anaerobic respiration biogas can refer to gas produced naturally and industrially natural edit see also marsh gas in soil methane is produced in anaerobic environments by methanogens but is mostly consumed in aerobic zones by methanotrophs methane emissions result when the balance favors methanogens wetland soils are the main natural source of methane other sources include oceans forest soils termites and wild ruminants 6 industrial edit main article anaerobic digestion anaerobic digestion is a sequence of processes by which microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen 7 this process produces biogas which can be used as a fuel industrial biogas production can either be purpose built such as anaerobic digesters built to process manure and organic waste or can harvest biogas produced as byproduct from landfills or wastewater treatment plants 8 biogas plants edit a biogas plant is the name often given to an anaerobic digester that treats farm wastes municipal organic waste and or energy crops 8 industrial biogas plants process organic material in an air tight tank to create anaerobic conditions the material is heated to either mesophilic 38 c 100 f or thermophilic 55 c 131 f and held for a typical retention time of two to thirty days 9 biogas produced from these facilities is either combusted for electricity production using a combined heat and power system or upgraded to biomethane for use in vehicles or natural gas distribution systems these plants can be fed with energy crops such as maize silage or biodegradable wastes including sewage sludge and food waste feedstock type significantly influences methane yield fats and food waste can produce up to 800 m³ of gas per tonne of dry matter while animal manure yields approximately 20 30 m³ per tonne though it offers greater process stability 10 during the process the micro organisms transform biomass waste into biogas and digestate higher quantities of biogas can be produced when the wastewater is co digested with other residuals from the dairy industry sugar industry or brewery industry for example while mixing 90 of wastewater from beer factory with 10 cow whey the production of biogas was increased by 2 5 times compared to the biogas produced by wastewater from the brewery only 11 landfill gas edit main article landfill gas an indonesian community installs a cylindrical plastic biogas reactor in order to turn their organic waste into energy 2007 landfill gas is produced by wet organic waste decomposing under anaerobic conditions in a similar way to biogas 12 13 the waste is covered and mechanically compressed by the weight of the material that is deposited above this material prevents oxygen exposure thus allowing anaerobic microbes to thrive biogas builds up and is slowly released into the atmosphere if the site has not been engineered to capture the gas landfill gas released in an uncontrolled way can be hazardous since it can become explosive when it escapes from the landfill and mixes with oxygen the lower explosive limit is 5 methane and the upper is 15 methane 14 the methane in biogas is 28 15 times more potent a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide therefore uncontained landfill gas which escapes into the atmosphere may significantly contribute to the effects of global warming in addition volatile organic compounds vocs in landfill gas contribute to the formation of photochemical smog 16 faecal sludge edit faecal sludge is a product of onsite sanitation systems after collection and transport faecal sludge can be treated as sewage in a conventional treatment plant or independently in a faecal sludge treatment plant faecal sludge can be co treated with organic solid waste in composting or in an anaerobic digestion system that includes biogas production 17 resource recovery and reuse is a subprogram of the cgiar research program on water land and ecosystems it claims post processing for energy recovery is economically feasible and would tackle sanitation health and environmental issues 18 wastewater treatment accounted for 3 4 of us electricity consumption in 2025 vs 0 5 for electric vehicle charging conventional treatment processes issue 21 million metric tons of greenhouse gases annually about half of the 15 000 wastewater treatment facilities in the usa use anaerobic digestion which typically converts 40 of the sludge into biogas the rest typically is sent to landfills releasing methane and co 2 dangers edit the content of toxic hydrogen sulfide presents additional risks and has been responsible for serious accidents 19 leaks of unburned methane are an additional risk because methane is a potent greenhouse gas a facility may leak 2 of the methane 20 21 biogas forms an explosive mixture with air at concentrations between approximately 6 and 22 by volume to eliminate this hazard during maintenance empty digesters must be properly ventilated cleared of gas and monitored before entry crucially the system must be designed and operated to prevent negative pressure which can draw air in and create an explosive atmosphere this is ensured by technical controls such as automatic shut off devices not merely by avoiding a specific minimum pressure 22 frequent smell checks must be performed on a biogas system if biogas is smelled anywhere windows and doors should be opened immediately if there is a fire the gas should be shut off at the gate valve of the biogas system 23 composition edit typical composition of biogas compound formula percentage by volume methane ch 4 50 80 carbon dioxide co 2 15 50 nitrogen n 2 0 10 hydrogen h 2 0 1 hydrogen sulfide h 2 s 0 0 5 oxygen o 2 0 2 5 source www kolumbus fi 2007 24 the composition of biogas varies depending upon the substrate composition as well as the conditions within the anaerobic reactor temperature ph and substrate concentration 25 a 2025 study in ethiopia concluded that agroecology which influences ambient temperature biogas plant design and temperature significantly affect biogas yield quality 26 landfill gas typically has methane concentrations around 50 advanced waste treatment technologies can produce biogas with 55 75 methane 27 which for reactors with free liquids can be increased to 80 90 methane using in situ gas purification techniques 28 as produced biogas contains water vapor the fractional volume of water vapor is a function of biogas temperature correction of measured gas volume for water vapour content and thermal expansion is easily done via simple mathematics 29 which yields the standardized volume of dry biogas for 1000 kg wet weight of input to a typical biodigester total solids may be 30 of the wet weight while volatile suspended solids may be 90 of the total solids protein would be 20 of the volatile solids carbohydrates would be 70 of the volatile solids and finally fats would be 10 of the volatile solids biochemical oxygen demand bod is a measure of the amount of oxygen required by aerobic micro organisms to decompose the organic matter in a sample of material being used in the biodigester as well as the bod for the liquid discharge allows for the calculation of the daily energy output from a biodigester contaminants edit sulfur compounds edit toxic corrosive and foul smelling hydrogen sulfide h 2 s is the most common contaminant in biogas if not separated combustion will produce sulfur dioxide so 2 and sulfuric acid h 2 so 4 which are corrosive and environmentally hazardous 30 other sulfur containing compounds such as thiols may be present ammonia edit ammonia nh 3 is produced from organic compounds containing nitrogen such as the amino acids in proteins if not separated from the biogas combustion results in no x emissions 30 siloxanes edit in some cases biogas contains siloxanes they are formed from the anaerobic decomposition of materials commonly found in soaps and detergents during combustion of biogas containing siloxanes silicon is released and can combine with free oxygen or other elements in the combustion gas deposits are formed containing mostly silica sio 2 or silicates si x o y and can contain calcium sulfur zinc phosphorus such white mineral deposits accumulate to a surface thickness of several millimeters and must be removed by chemical or mechanical means debate edit part of a series on renewable energy biofuel biogas biomass carbon neutral fuel crosswind kite power geothermal energy geothermal heating geothermal power hydroelectricity run of the river hydropower micro hydro pico hydro small hydro marine current power marine energy ocean thermal osmotic power solar energy solar power sustainable biofuel tidal power tidal stream generator wave power wind power nuclear power proposed as renewable energy topics by country and territory marketing and policy trends v t e arguments in favor edit high levels of methane are produced when manure is stored under anaerobic conditions during storage and when manure has been applied to the land nitrous oxide is also produced as a byproduct of the denitrification process nitrous oxide n 2 o is 273 times more aggressive as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide and methane 27 times more than carbon dioxide 15 by converting cow manure into methane biogas via anaerobic digestion the millions of cattle in the united states would be able to produce 100 billion kilowatt hours of electricity enough to power millions of homes across the united states one cow can produce enough manure in one day to generate 3 kilowatt hours of electricity 31 furthermore by converting cattle manure into methane biogas instead of letting it decompose global warming gases could be reduced by 99 million tonnes 97 10 6 long tons 109 10 6 short tons or 4 32 arguments against edit others environmental groups have argued that manure based biogases are a form of greenwashing they argue it encourages and subsidies the use of concentrated animal feeding operations and emits other pollutants such as hydrogen sulfide 33 in 2022 6 us senators including bernie sanders and elizabeth warren argued biogas would not be able to succeed without taxpayer dollars and that those would be better used on other methods they also argued that they may accelerate consolidation in the industry and see farms expand their size specifically to be large enough to receive biogas subsidies they point to evidence farmers did this following california s rollout of biogas incentive programs 34 others have argued the level of funding to biogas is already particularly outsized for instance in wisconsin just two years 2022 2023 of spending on biogas has been higher than 12 years of spending on solar energy 35 manufacturing of biogas from intentionally planted maize has been described as being unsustainable and harmful due to very concentrated intense and soil eroding character of these plantations 36 applications edit a biogas bus in linköping sweden biogas can be used for electricity production on sewage works 37 in a chp gas engine where the waste heat from the engine is conveniently used for heating the digester cooking space heating water heating and process heating if compressed it can replace compressed natural gas for use in vehicles where it can fuel an internal combustion engine or fuel cells and is a much more effective displacer of carbon dioxide than the normal use in on site chp plants 37 upgrading edit biogas produced contains up to 50 inert gases like carbon dioxide and nitrogen which reduces the calorific value of the gas biogas also contains corrosive compounds such as hydrogen sulfide which corrodes pipes and machinery 30 methane in biogas can be concentrated via a biogas upgrader to the same standards as fossil natural gas which itself has to go through a cleaning process and becomes biomethane if the local gas network allows the producer of the biogas may use their distribution networks gas must be very clean to reach pipeline quality and must be of the correct composition for the distribution network to accept carbon dioxide water hydrogen sulfide and particulates must be removed if present 30 there are four main methods of upgrading water washing pressure swing absorption selexol absorption and amine gas treating 38 in addition to these the use of membrane separation technology for biogas upgrading is increasing and there are already several plants operating in europe and usa 30 39 the most prevalent method is water washing where high pressure gas flows into a column where the carbon dioxide and other trace elements are scrubbed by cascading water runni...