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rldwide 3 the plant is best known as the source of annatto a natural orange red condiment also called achiote or bijol obtained from the waxy arils that cover its seeds 3 4 the ground seeds are widely used in traditional dishes in central and south america mexico and the caribbean such as cochinita pibil chicken in achiote caldo de olla and nacatamal annatto and its extracts are also used as an industrial food coloring to add yellow or orange color to many products such as butter cheese margarine ice creams meats and condiments 3 some of the indigenous peoples of north central and south america originally used the seeds to make red body paint and lipstick as well as a spice 4 for this reason the bixa orellana is sometimes called the lipstick tree 3 4 etymology and common names edit the name bixa orellana was given by linnaeus the botanical genus name derives from the aboriginal taíno word bixa while the specific epithet was derived in honor of the amazon explorer francisco de orellana an early explorer of the amazon river 4 5 the name achiote derives from the nahuatl word for the shrub āchiotl aːˈt͡ʃiot͡ɬ it may also be referred to as aploppas or by its original tupi name uruku urucu or urucum red color which is also used for the body paint prepared from its seeds 3 colloquial names include bija roucou orellana annatto achiote and many other names used regionally 3 the nickname lipstick tree derived from use of the dye as a cosmetic 4 description edit bixa orellana is a perennial tall shrub to small evergreen tree that can reach 6 10 m 20 33 ft high 3 4 6 it bears clusters of 5 cm 2 in bright white or pink flowers resembling single wild roses that appear at the tips of the branches 3 the fruits of the bixa orellana are globular ovoid capsules arranged in clusters resembling spiky looking red brown seed pods covered in soft spines 3 each capsule or pod contains 30 45 cone shaped seeds covered in a thin waxy blood red aril 3 when fully mature the pod dries hardens and splits open thereby exposing the seeds 3 the plant is most well known as the source of the red orange annatto pigment the pigment is derived from the waxy aril layer that covers the seeds of the bixa orellana fruit 3 4 the red orange annatto dye is rich in the carotenoid pigments 80 which consists of bixin the red pigment and norbixin or orelline the yellow pigment 3 7 8 annatto oil contains tocotrienols beta carotene essential oils saturated and unsaturated fatty acids flavonoids and vitamin c 9 genomics edit a chromosome scale genome assembly of bixa orellana was published in 2026 the assembled genome size is approximately 270 mb and includes 10 chromosome scale superscaffolds representing 96 4 of the assembly the assembly showed a busco completeness of 98 6 and approximately 56 000 transcripts were annotated the genome was generated to facilitate studies of genes involved in bixin biosynthesis and regulation 10 distribution edit although the exact origin of bixa orellana is unknown it is native to northern south america and the central american tropics it is said to be indigenous by seemann on the northwest coast of mexico and panama by triana in new granada by meyer in dutch guiana and by piso and claussen in brazil 4 additionally bixa orellana is found in substantial wild and cultivated acreages from mexico to ecuador brazil and bolivia 3 although an invasive species it is cultivated in many world regions 3 during the 16th and 17th centuries the annatto dye was distributed to southeast asia africa the caribbean hawaii and southeastern north america in tropical and subtropical regions through trading exchanges 3 4 it became cultivated in tropical regions of asia such as india sri lanka and java mainly for the dye which the seeds yield 3 cultivation edit achiote flower mature achiote pods showing the red seeds bixa orellana grows easily in subtropical to tropical climates in frost free regions sheltered from cool winds 3 it prefers year round moisture good drainage and moderately fertile soil in full sun or partial shade it can be propagated from seed and cuttings cutting grown plants flower at a younger age than seedlings 11 the main commercial producers of b orellana are countries in latin america specifically peru brazil and mexico which constitute 60 of total world production followed by africa 27 of total world production and asia 12 of total world production 12 better source needed production statistics are not usually available and would not provide a reliable guide to international trade since many of the producing countries use significant quantities domestically e g brazil is a large producer and consumer needing additional imports annual world production of dried annatto seed at the beginning of the 21st century was estimated at 10 000 tons of which 7 000 tons enter international trade peru is the largest exporter of annatto seed annually about 4 000 tons brazil the largest producer with about 5 000 tons kenya exports annually about 1 500 tons annatto seed and extracts and is the second largest exporter after peru côte d ivoire angola and the philippines are also exporters 13 14 industrial uses edit oil of bixa orellana before synthetic dyes revolutionized industry bixa orellana which is the only plant to produce the pigment bixin 15 was planted commercially the pigment is extracted from the pericarp of the seeds through use of alkaline water vegetable oil or organic solvents 3 7 the annatto pigment has global economic significance as it is one of the most widely used natural dyes to color food cosmetics and pharmaceutical products it is used commonly in foods because the coloring does not alter the flavor and is not toxic 4 though it may trigger allergic reactions in those who are sensitive 16 it is mainly used to dye ice cream meats dairy products cheeses butter and margarine and condiments 3 4 cosmetic products include lipstick hair coloring products nail polish soaps lacquers and paints 4 culinary uses edit ground bixa orellana seeds are often mixed with other seeds or spices to form a paste or powder for culinary uses in latin american jamaican chamorro and filipino cuisines the seeds are heated in oil or lard to extract their dye and flavor for use in dishes and processed foods such as cheese butter soup gravy sauces cured meats and other items the seeds impart a subtle flavor and aroma and a yellow to reddish orange color to food a condiment called sazón is commonly used in spanish latin american and caribbean cuisine for meats and fish the spanish word sazón means season or seasoning sazón is made with ground bixa orellana seeds and packaged into small disposable foil packets for easy use additionally cumin coriander seeds salt and garlic powder are included in these sazón condiment packets 17 on spanish speaking caribbean islands the annatto pigment is also used to make yellow rice and is sometimes added to sofrito 17 additionally in the french caribbean it is added to a fish or pork stew called blaff 17 in brazil a powder known as colorau or colorífico is made from the ground seeds combined with filler seeds like maize this powder is similar to and sometimes replaces paprika 18 in nicaragua the most common way achiote is used in their cuisine and dishes is in the form of a paste it is used in many national dishes 19 such as chancho con yuca nacatamal and fritanga the yucatecan condiment called recado rojo or achiote paste is made from ground bixa orellana seeds combined with other spices and is a mainstay in mexican and belizean cuisines 20 traditional uses edit one major traditional use of the bixa orellana plant was for body face and hair paint among various tribes and ancient civilizations either for decorative purposes or as omens to ward off evil spirits and illnesses 4 21 it has been reported to be used by brazilian native tribes the native taínos in puerto rico the tsáchila of ecuador and different amazonian tribes 4 21 22 as a result of the spanish conquest the bixa orellana was introduced to peoples like the aztecs incas and mochicas who showed evidence of later use 21 the aztecs also apparently used the annatto pigment as red ink for manuscript painting in the 16th century 4 22 bixa orellana is used in traditional medicine 4 7 the tree has been used in ayurveda the folk medicine practices of india where different parts of the plant are thought to be useful as therapy 23 the plant is valued for its stem fiber to make rope mats and for the adhesive gum 24 25 26 gallery edit with fruits in hyderabad india fruit in hyderabad india split seed pod seed pod closeup fruit bixa orellana mhnt illustration of fruit and seed references edit 1 2 wheeler l beech e 2019 bixa orellana iucn red list of threatened species 2019 e t61986316a61986320 doi 10 2305 iucn uk 2019 2 rlts t61986316a61986320 en retrieved 11 december 2022 kew world checklist of selected plant families 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 bixa orellana annatto center for agriculture and biosciences international cabi 27 september 2018 retrieved 10 october 2018 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 morton julia f 1960 can annatto bixa orellana l an old source of food color meet new needs for safe dye proceedings of the florida state horticultural society 73 301 309 archived from the original on 11 october 2018 retrieved 10 october 2018 levy luis w rivadeneira diana m 2000 annatto in lauro gabriel j francis f jack eds natural food colorants science and technology ift basic symposium series new york marcel dekker p 115 isbn 978 0 8247 0421 6 plants profile for bixa orellana lipsticktree plants database us department of agriculture retrieved 2019 04 19 1 2 3 vilar daniela de araújo vilar marina suênia de araujo moura túlio flávio accioly de lima e et al 2014 traditional uses chemical constituents and biological activities of bixa orellana l a review the scientific world journal 2014 857292 doi 10 1155 2014 857292 issn 2356 6140 pmc 4094728 pmid 25050404 ul islam s rather l j mohammad f 2015 phytochemistry biological activities and potential of annatto in natural colorant production for industrial applications a review journal of advanced research 7 3 499 514 doi 10 1016 j jare 2015 11 002 pmc 4856788 pmid 27222755 ângela de almeida meireles maria lima cavalcante de albuquerque carolina processo otimizado para obtenção de óleo rico em antioxidantes de urucum pdf inova in portuguese unicamp retrieved 2 jun 2015 lieberman meric c aguilar espinosa margarita chan rodriguez david coma luca rivera madrid renata henry isabelle m 2026 05 06 chromosome scale single haploid assembly of achiote bixa orellana bmc genomic data 27 1 36 doi 10 1186 s12863 026 01430 w pmc 13154580 pmid 42092755 lord tony 2003 flora the gardener s bible more than 20 000 garden plants from around the world london cassell isbn 0 304 36435 5 raddatz mota denise pérez flores laura j carrari fernando et al may 2017 achiote bixa orellana l a natural source of pigment and vitamin e journal of food science and technology 54 6 1729 1741 doi 10 1007 s13197 017 2579 7 issn 0022 1155 pmc 5430180 pmid 28559632 jansen p c m 2005 jansen p c m cardon d eds bixa orellana l prota 3 dyes and tannins colorants et tanins prota archived from the original on 20 november 2008 retrieved 5 oct 2014 phl exports atsuete to vietnam the philippine star july 14 2013 retrieved august 3 2024 bouvier florence dogbo odette camara bilal 2003 biosynthesis of the food and cosmetic plant pigment bixin annatto science 300 5628 2089 2091 bibcode 2003sci 300 2089b doi 10 1126 science 1085162 issn 0036 8075 jstor 3834418 pmid 12829782 s2cid 560600 mikkelsen h larsen j c tarding f 1978 hypersensitivity reactions to food colours with special reference to the natural colour annatto extract butter colour in leonard b j ed toxicological aspects of food safety archives of toxicology vol 1 berlin heidelberg springer pp 141 143 doi 10 1007 978 3 642 66896 8_16 isbn 978 3 642 66896 8 pmid 150265 1 2 3 achiote the spice that dyes food yellow the spruce eats archived from the original on 2022 07 29 retrieved 2019 04 19 new crops from brazil purdue university 1990 retrieved 24 august 2011 gonzalez martha 30 sep 2017 el achiote un colorante saludable in spanish editorial la prensa s a retrieved 27 aug 2021 recipe recado rojo los dos retrieved 2019 04 19 1 2 3 donkin r a 1974 bixa orellana the eternal shrub anthropos 69 1 2 33 56 issn 0257 9774 jstor 40458510 1 2 colorants used during mexico s early colonial period stanford university 1997 archived from the original on march 20 2008 retrieved 24 august 2011 khare c p 2007 indian medicinal plants new york springer science business media llc isbn 978 0 387 70638 2 ellison don 1999 cultivated plants of the world london new holland publishers graf alfred byrd 1986 tropica color cyclopedia of exotic plants and trees for warm region horticulture in cool climate the summer garden or sheltered indoors 3rd ed east rutherford n j roehrs co macoboy stirling 1979 what tree is that 1st ed sydney australia ure smith isbn 0 7254 0480 9 external links edit look up bixa orellana or lipstick tree in wiktionary the free dictionary media related to bixa orellana at wikimedia commons taxon identifiers bixa orellana wikidata q147701 wikispecies bixa orellana apdb 11912 apni 55829 bold 484118 col ly5d ecocrop 520 eol 584439 eppo bixor fna 200014319 foao2 bixa orellana foc 200014319 gbif old 2874863 grin 7249 inaturalist 127676 ipni 33335 2 irmng 11163869 isc 9242 itis 22251 iucn 61986316 mobotpf 277939 natureserve 2 151105 ncbi 66672 nzor c326cf7e 2156 4ee9 a3ed 8ffbc4291d23 open tree of life 287352 plant list kew 22274 plants bior powo urn lsid ipni org names 33335 2 tropicos 3800005 wfo wfo 0000342565 retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title bixa_orellana oldid 1366713192 categories iucn red list least concern species bixaceae crops originating from peru crops originating from the americas oaxacan cuisine flora of mexico flora of southern america medicinal plants of central america medicinal plants of south america plants described in 1753 plant dyes puerto rican cuisine botanical taxa named by carl linnaeus hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles needing additional references from july 2026 all articles needing additional references articles with species microformats articles containing spanish language text articles containing undetermined language text articles containing pipil language text articles with text in nahuatl languages pages with nahuatl languages ipa articles with text in tupi languages cs1 portuguese language sources pt all articles lacking reliable references articles lacking reliable references from february 2019 articles containing portuguese language text cs1 spanish language sources es commons category link is on wikidata taxonbars with 25 29 taxon ids this page was last edited on 29 july 2026 at 18 52 utc p...