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t waves of plague that twice devastated europe and changed the course of history had their origins in china a team of medical geneticists reported sunday as did a third plague outbreak that struck less harmfully in the 19th century in the issue of nature genetics published online sunday they conclude that all three of the great waves of plague originated from china where the root of their tree is situated the likely origin of the plague in china has nothing to do with its people or crowded cities dr achtman said the bacterium has no interest in people whom it slaughters by accident its natural hosts are various species of rodent such as marmots and voles which are found throughout china morelli et al 2010 eroshenko ga nosov ny krasnov ym oglodin yg kukleva lm guseva np et al 2017 yersinia pestis strains of ancient phylogenetic branch 0 ant are widely spread in the high mountain plague foci of kyrgyzstan plos one 12 10 e0187230 bibcode 2017ploso 1287230e doi 10 1371 journal pone 0187230 pmc 5658180 pmid 29073248 1 2 3 slavin 2019 1 2 spyrou ma tukhbatova ri feldman m drath j kacki s beltrán de heredia j et al june 2016 historical y pestis genomes reveal the european black death as the source of ancient and modern plague pandemics cell host microbe 19 6 874 881 doi 10 1016 j chom 2016 05 012 pmid 27281573 1 2 3 4 moore m 1 november 2010 black death may have originated in china the daily telegraph archived from the original on 18 october 2017 retrieved 2 april 2018 creighton c 1891 a history of epidemics in britain cambridge at the university press p 153 1 2 3 4 5 sussman 2011 kohn gc 2008 encyclopedia of plague and pestilence from ancient times to the present infobase publishing p 31 isbn 978 0 8160 6935 4 archived from the original on 31 march 2019 retrieved 16 october 2015 hecker 1859 p 21 cited by ziegler p 15 1 2 sussman 2011 p 328 benedictow 2004 pp 48 49 benedictow 2004 pp 50 51 von glahn 2016 p 440 green 2020 baker g 1847 1350 gilles aj ed galfridi le baker de swinbroke chronicon angliae temporibus edwardi ii et edwardi iii in latin and english londini apud jacobum bohn lccn 08014593 ol 6996785m archived from the original on 3 august 2008 via internet archive wheelis 2002 barras greub 2014 in the middle ages a famous although controversial example is offered by the siege of caffa now feodossia in ukraine crimea a genovese outpost on the black sea coast by the mongols in 1346 the attacking army experienced an epidemic of bubonic plague the italian chronicler gabriele de mussi in his istoria de morbo sive mortalitate quae fuit anno domini 1348 describes quite plausibly how plague was transmitted by the mongols by throwing diseased cadavers with catapults into the besieged city and how ships transporting genovese soldiers fleas and rats fleeing from there brought it to the mediterranean ports given the highly complex epidemiology of plague this interpretation of the black death which might have killed 25 million people in the following years throughout europe as stemming from a specific and localized origin of the black death remains controversial similarly it remains doubtful whether the effect of throwing infected cadavers could have been the sole cause of the outburst of an epidemic in the besieged city byrne jp 2012 caffa kaffa fyodosia ukraine encyclopedia of the black death santa barbara california abc clio p 65 isbn 978 1 59884 253 1 archived from the original on 4 june 2020 retrieved 8 may 2020 1 2 3 4 byrne jp 2012 constantinople istanbul encyclopedia of the black death santa barbara california abc clio p 87 isbn 978 1 59884 254 8 oclc 769344478 michael of piazza platiensis bibliotheca scriptorum qui res in sicilia gestas retulere vol 1 p 562 cited in ziegler 1998 p 40 de smet vol ii breve chronicon p 15 karlsson 2000 p 111 byrne joseph p 16 january 2012 encyclopedia of the black death bloomsbury publishing usa p 245 isbn 978 1 59884 254 8 1 2 belich james 25 june 2024 the world the plague made the black death and the rise of europe princeton university press p 42 isbn 978 0 691 21916 5 northern russia was hit in 1352 beginning in towns close to the baltic novgorod and pskov and reaching moscow in 1353 zuchora walske 2013 welford bossak 2010 curtis dr roosen j october 2017 the sex selective impact of the black death and recurring plagues in the southern netherlands 1349 1450 american journal of physical anthropology 164 2 246 259 bibcode 2017ajpa 164 246c doi 10 1002 ajpa 23266 pmc 6667914 pmid 28617987 samia et al 2011 cohn 2008 stefan kroll permanent dead link kersten krüger 2004 lit verlag berlin isbn 3 8258 8778 2 baggaley kate 24 february 2015 bubonic plague was a serial visitor in european middle ages science news archived from the original on 24 february 2015 retrieved 24 february 2015 schmid et al 2015 baten j koepke n 2005 the biological standard of living in europe during the last two millennia european review of economic history 9 1 61 95 doi 10 1017 s1361491604001388 hdl 10419 47594 archived from the original on 13 december 2021 retrieved 4 february 2020 via ebsco 1 2 green 2018 1 2 3 4 5 byrne jp 2012 encyclopedia of the black death santa barbara california abc clio p 51 isbn 978 1 59884 253 1 archived from the original on 4 june 2020 retrieved 8 may 2020 1 2 3 4 5 6 byrne jp 2012 cairo egypt encyclopedia of the black death santa barbara california abc clio pp 65 66 isbn 978 1 59884 254 8 oclc 769344478 an economic history of the world since 1400 english archived from the original on 25 july 2018 retrieved 23 may 2018 sadek n 2006 rasulids in meri j ed medieval islamic civilization an encyclopedia volume ii l z routledge isbn 978 1 351 66813 2 archived from the original on 27 july 2020 retrieved 8 may 2020 ayalon yaron ed 2014 the black death and the rise of the ottomans natural disasters in the ottoman empire plague famine and other misfortunes cambridge cambridge university press pp 21 60 doi 10 1017 cbo9781139680943 004 isbn 978 1 107 07297 8 retrieved 2 march 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