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th he was said to be a descendant of nanamakee thunder a sauk chief who according to tradition met an early french explorer possibly samuel de champlain 4 p 4 p 12 at about age 15 black hawk distinguished himself by wounding an enemy and was placed in the ranks of the braves shortly after this black hawk accompanied his father pyesa on a raid against the osage he won approval by killing and scalping his first enemy 2 pp 19 20 4 p 14 the young black hawk tried to establish himself as a war captain by leading other raids he had limited success until at about age 19 he led 200 men in a battle against the osage in which he personally killed five men and one woman 2 p 21 4 p 16 soon after he joined his father in a raid against cherokee along the meramec river in missouri after pyesa died from wounds received in the battle black hawk inherited the sauk sacred bundle which his father had carried giving him an important role in the tribe 4 pp 16 17 war leader edit after an extended period of mourning for his father black hawk resumed leading raiding parties over the next years usually targeting the traditional enemy the osage black hawk did not belong to a clan that provided the sauk with hereditary civil leaders or chiefs he achieved status through his exploits as a warrior and by leading successful raiding parties men like black hawk are sometimes called war chiefs but historian patrick jung writes it is more accurate to call them war leaders since the nature of their office and the power that it wielded was much different from that of a civil chief 5 twenty first century historians such as john w hall have suggested the term war captain for this role 6 war of 1812 edit plans of the original fort madison 1810 black hawk participated in the 1809 and 1812 sieges the fort was captured by british supported indians in 1813 during the war of 1812 black hawk then 45 served as a war leader of a sauk band at their village of saukenuk which fielded about 200 warriors he supported the invalidity of quashquame s treaty of st louis 1804 between the sauk and meskwaki nations and then governor william henry harrison of the indiana territory that ceded territory including saukenuk to the united states 7 page range too broad the sauk and meskwaki are consensus based decision makers and those representatives sent to the meeting with the us government did not have the power to cede tribal territory although quashquame did the lack of the consensus aspect by each of the sauk and meskwaki councils meant that the treaty could never be considered valid by black hawk and other traditionalists 8 black hawk took part in skirmishes against us forces at the newly constructed fort madison in the disputed land this was the first time he fought directly against the u s army 9 during the war of 1812 the forces of great britain and its colonies in present day canada were engaged against those of the u s with major battles on the great lakes and surrounding remote lands the british depended upon alliances with the native american population to wage war in this area since the british were occupied with napoleon in europe robert dickson a scottish fur trader amassed a sizable force of native americans at green bay to assist the british in operations around the great lakes most were from the potawatomi ho chunk kickapoo and ottawa tribes black hawk and his band of about 200 sauk warriors were included in this group of allies citation needed dickson commissioned black hawk at the rank of brevet brigadier general 7 with command over all native allies at green bay and presented him with a silk flag a medal and a written certificate of good behavior and alliance with the british the war leader preserved the certificate for 20 years it was found by u s forces after the battle of bad axe along with a flag similar in description to that which dickson gave to black hawk 7 during the war black hawk and native warriors fought in several engagements alongside major general henry procter on the borders of lake erie 8 black hawk was at the battle of frenchtown fort meigs and the attack on fort stephenson 10 11 the united states army was able to inflict a significant defeat on tecumseh s confederacy by killing tecumseh during the war black hawk despaired over the many killed in the fighting soon after he quit the war to return home back in saukenuk he found that his rival keokuk had become the tribe s war chief 7 page needed black hawk rejoined the british effort toward the end of the war fighting alongside british forces in campaigns along the mississippi river near the illinois territory 10 at the battle of credit island and by harassing u s troops at fort johnson black hawk helped the british to push the americans out of the upper mississippi river valley 12 black hawk fought in the battle of the sink hole may 1815 leading an ambush on a group of missouri rangers conflicting accounts of the action were given by the missouri leader john shaw 13 page needed and by black hawk 14 after the end of the war of 1812 black hawk signed a peace treaty in may 1816 that re affirmed the treaty of 1804 later he said he was not aware of this stipulation 8 black hawk war edit main article black hawk war plaster life cast of black hawk original ca 1830 at black hawk state historic site as a consequence of the 1804 treaty the american government believed that the sauk and meskwaki tribes had ceded their lands in illinois and in 1828 were moved west of the mississippi river black hawk and other tribal members disputed the treaty as noted above and said leaders had signed it without full tribal authorization 15 angered by the loss of his birthplace between 1830 and 1831 black hawk led a number of incursions across the mississippi to illinois he was persuaded to return west each time without bloodshed in april 1832 encouraged by promises of alliance with other tribes and with britain he moved his so called british band of more than 1500 people both warriors and non combatants into illinois 15 finding no allies he tried to return to iowa but the undisciplined illinois militia provoked open attack at the battle of stillman s run 16 a number of other violent engagements followed the governors of michigan territory and illinois mobilized their militias to hunt down black hawk s band these actions led to the last native american war fought on the east side of the mississippi river 17 the conflict became known as the black hawk war when black hawk entered illinois in april his british band was composed of about 500 warriors and 1 000 old men women and children 18 19 the group included members of the sauk meskwaki and kickapoo tribes they crossed the river near the mouth of the iowa river and followed the rock river northeast along the way they passed the ruins of saukenuk and headed for the village of ho chunk prophet white cloud 20 as the war progressed factions of other tribes joined or tried to join black hawk other native americans and settlers carried out acts of violence for personal reasons amidst the chaos of the war 21 22 in one example a band of hostile ho chunk intent on joining black hawk s band attacked and killed the party of felix st vrain in what americans knew as the st vrain massacre 23 this act was an exception as most ho chunk sided with the u s during the black hawk war the warriors who attacked st vrain s party had acted independently of the ho chunk nation 23 from april to august potawatomi warriors also joined with black hawk s band 24 the war stretched from april to august 1832 with a number of battles skirmishes and massacres on both sides black hawk led his men in another conflict the battle of wisconsin heights afterward the illinois and michigan territory militias caught up with black hawk s british band for the final confrontation at bad axe at the mouth of the bad axe river pursuing soldiers their indian allies and a u s gunboat killed hundreds of sauk and potawatomi men women and children 25 on august 27 1832 black hawk and wabokieshiek asked to surrender to the indian agent joseph street but were instead taken to zachary taylor they surrendered to lieutenant jefferson davis future president of the confederacy after hiding on an unnamed island in the mississippi river 26 27 28 29 tour of the east edit calumet or peace pipe used by black hawk on display at black hawk state historic site following the war with most of the british band killed and the rest captured or disbanded the defeated black hawk was held in captivity at jefferson barracks near saint louis missouri together with neapope white cloud and eight other leaders 24 after eight months in april 1833 they were taken east as ordered by u s president andrew jackson the men were taken by steamboat carriage and railroad and met with large crowds wherever they went jackson wanted them to be impressed with the power of the united states once in washington d c they met with jackson and secretary of war lewis cass afterward they were delivered to their final destination prison at fortress monroe in hampton virginia 24 they were held only a few weeks at the prison during which they posed for portraits by different artists on june 5 1833 the men were sent west by steamboat on a circuitous route that took them through many large cities again the men were a spectacle everywhere they went and were greeted by huge crowds of people in cities such as baltimore philadelphia and new york 24 in the west closer to the battle sites and history of conflict the reception was much different for instance in detroit a crowd burned and hanged effigies of the prisoners 24 early autobiography by native american edit near the end of his captivity in 1833 black hawk told his life story to antoine leclaire a government interpreter edited by the local reporter j b patterson black hawk s account was one of the first native american autobiographies published in the u s 30 2 10 the book immediately became a best seller and has gone through numerous editions 10 in its time it was not without controversy thomas ford governor of illinois disliked black hawk le claire and george davenport and believed that black hawk had little to do with the writing of his autobiography dismissing the book as a catch penny publication 31 the doubt surrounding the work s authenticity is more than merited as the words were dictated by black hawk translated into english by leclaire and written into manuscript form by patterson it is worth noting that both leclaire and patterson swore and signed a document verifying the authenticity of the work 32 furthermore judge james hall stated that black hawk had told him the autobiography was authentic 33 in 1882 john b patterson released a new edition of the black hawk autobiography which included various changes to the wording and new material this edition is often discredited due to the changes made indicating it was not what black hawk said word for word a notable example of a difference in wording across editions is by the utter annihilation if possible of all of their race 1833 edition vs by the utter annihilation if possible of the last remnant of their tribe 1882 edition 34 assessment as sauk leader edit statue of black hawk at black hawk state historic site although not a hereditary chief black hawk filled a leadership void within the sauk community when quashquame ceded much of the sauk homeland in 1804 to the united states including the main village saukenuk he was viewed as ineffective black hawk wrote in his autobiography it subsequently appeared that they had been drunk the greater part of the time while at st louis this was all myself and nation knew of the treaty of 1804 it has since been explained to me i found by that treaty that all of the country east of the mississippi and south of jeffreon was ceded to the united states for one thousand dollars a year i will leave it to the people of the united states to say whether our nation was properly represented in this treaty or whether we received a fair compensation for the extent of country ceded by these four individuals i could say much more respecting this treaty but i will not at this time it has been the origin of all our serious difficulties with the whites 2 portrait of black hawk from the u s library of congress because of his role in the disputed 1804 treaty the tribe reduced its support of quashquame and made him a minor chief quasquawma was chief of this tribe once but being cheated out of the mineral country as the indians allege he was denigrated from his rank and his son in law taimah elected in his stead 35 although quashquame and black hawk were at odds the younger man did not directly challenge the civil chief they apparently remained on good terms as black hawk rose in importance and quashquame faded quashquame avoided confrontation with the u s while black hawk did not after black hawk led an aborted takeover of fort madison in the spring of 1809 quashquame worked to restore relations with the us army the next day 36 quashquame told gen william clark during a meeting in 1810 or 1811 my father i left my home to see my great grandfather the president of the united states but as i cannot proceed to see him i give you my hand as to himself i have no father to whom i have paid any attention but yourself if you hear anything i hope that you will let me know and i will do the same i have been advised several times to raise the tomahawk since the last war we have looked upon the americans as friends and i shall hold you fast by the hand the great spirit has not put us on the earth to war with the whites we have never struck a white man if we go to war it is with the red flesh other nations send belts among us and urge us to war they say that if we do not the americans will encroach upon us and drive us off our lands 37 an illustration of black hawk from history of the indian tribes of north america during the run up to the war of 1812 the us viewed quashquame as loyal or at least neutral they knew black hawk led those sauk warriors allied with the british quashquame led all sauk non combatants during the war and they retreated to saint louis black hawk thought this was an ideal arrangement all the children and old men and women belonging to the warriors who had joined the british were left with them to provide for a council had been called which agreed that quashquame the lance and other chiefs with the old men women and children and such others as chose to accompany them should descend the mississippi to st louis and place themselves under the american chief stationed there they accordingly went down to st louis were received as the friendly band of our nation were sent up the missouri and provided for while their friends were assisting the british 2 a rift developed among the sauk after the war in 1815 quashquame was part of a large delegation who signed a treaty confirming a split between the sauk along the missouri river and the sauk who liv...