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page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 early life 2 colorado war toggle colorado war subsection 2 1 betrayal at sand creek 2 2 aftermath 3 medicine lodge treaty 4 battle of washita river 5 death and legacy 6 in popular culture 7 references 8 external links toggle the table of contents black kettle 14 languages català tsetsêhestâhese deutsch esperanto español euskara français frysk italiano 日本語 polski português русский українська edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikiquote wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia leader of the southern cheyenne black kettle born mo ohtavetoo o c 1803 black hills french louisiana died november 27 1868 1868 11 27 aged 64 65 washita river near present day cheyenne oklahoma cause of death gunshot wound citizenship southern cheyenne known for colorado war sand creek massacre treaty of medicine lodge battle of washita river title tribal chief black kettle cheyenne mo ohtavetoo o 1 c 1803 november 27 1868 was a leader of the southern cheyenne during the american indian wars born to the northern só taeo o só taétaneo o band of the northern cheyenne in the black hills of present day south dakota 2 he later married into the wotápio wutapai band one mixed cheyenne kiowa band with lakota sioux origin of the southern cheyenne black kettle is often remembered as a peacemaker who accepted treaties with the u s government to protect his people on november 27 1868 while attempting to escape the battle of washita river with his wife he was shot and killed by soldiers of the u s 7th cavalry early life edit black kettle was born around 1803 in south dakota into the cheyenne nation 3 little is known of black kettle s life prior to 1854 when he was made a chief of the council of forty four the central government of the cheyenne tribe 4 the council met regularly at the sun dance gatherings where they affirmed unity after 1851 relations between the cheyenne and the u s government were nominally conducted under the treaty of fort laramie 5 still the u s government remained unwilling to control white expansion into the great plains particularly after the pike s peak gold rush began in 1859 6 european americans displaced the cheyenne from their lands in violation of the treaty and consumed important resources of water and game increasing competition eventually led to armed conflict between the groups chief black kettle was a pragmatist who believed that u s military power and the number of immigrants were overwhelming and unable to be resisted in 1861 he and the arapaho surrendered to the commander of fort lyon under the treaty of fort wise believing he could gain protection for his people the treaty was highly unfavorable to the southern cheyenne black kettle visited washington d c where president abraham lincoln gave him a large american flag 7 the cheyenne led their bands to the sand creek reservation which occupied a small corner of southeastern colorado territory about 40 miles from fort lyon the land was not arable and was located far away from buffalo their major source of meat many cheyenne warriors including the dog soldiers did not accept the treaty and began to attack white settlers whether black kettle opposed these actions tolerated them or encouraged them remains controversial among historians colorado war edit black kettle a delegation of cheyenne kiowa and arapaho chiefs in denver colorado on september 28 1864 black kettle is in the front row second from left this rare photograph by an unknown photographer shows the ill fated cheyenne chief black kettle and a number of his associates at camp weld on the outskirts of denver they had assembled there september 28 1864 main article colorado war by the summer of 1864 the situation had reached a boiling point southern cheyenne hardliners along with allied kiowa and arapaho bands raided american settlements for livestock and supplies sometimes they took captives generally only women and children to adopt into their tribes as replacements for lost members on june 11 1864 indigenous people killed a family of settlers an attack which the white people called the hungate massacre after the family pro war white people displayed the scalped bodies in denver colorado governor john evans believed tribal chiefs had ordered the attack and were intent on a full scale war evans issued a proclamation ordering all friendly indians of the plains to report to military posts or be considered hostile he sought and gained from the war department authorization to establish the third colorado cavalry colonel john m chivington led the unit composed predominantly of 100 daysers who enlisted for limited 100 day terms specifically for fighting against the cheyenne and arapaho black kettle decided to accept evans offer and entered negotiations on september 28 he concluded a peace settlement at fort weld outside denver the agreement assigned the southern cheyenne to the sand creek reservation and required them to report to fort lyon formerly fort wise black kettle believed the agreement would ensure the safety of his people after he went to the reservation the commanding officer at the fort was replaced by one who was an ally of chivington betrayal at sand creek edit ambitious chivington felt pressure from governor evans to make use of the third colorado cavalry before their terms expired at the end of 1864 on november 28 chivington arrived with 700 men at fort lyon according to an eyewitness john s smith h e stopped all persons from going on ahead of him he stopped the mail and would not allow any person to go on ahead of him at the time he was on his way from denver city to fort lyon he placed a guard around old colonel bent the former agent there he stopped a mr hagues and many men who were on their way to fort lyon he took the fort by surprise and as soon as he got there he posted pickets all around the fort and then left at 8 o clock that night for this indian camp 8 at dawn on november 29 chivington attacked the sand creek reservation the event became known as the sand creek massacre most of the warriors were out hunting following indian agent instructions black kettle flew an american flag and a white flag from his tipi but the signal was ignored the 3rd colorado cavalry killed 163 cheyenne by shooting or stabbing they burned down the village encampment most of the victims were women and children for months afterward members of the militia displayed trophies in denver of their battle including body parts they had taken for souvenirs 9 aftermath edit black kettle escaped the massacre and returned to rescue his severely injured wife who suffered nine bullet and shrapnel wounds he continued to counsel pacifism believing that military resistance was doomed to fail the majority of the southern cheyenne chiefs disagreed allied with the comanche and kiowa they went to war against u s civilians and military forces black kettle said of that time although wrongs have been done me i live in hopes i have not got two hearts i once thought that i was the only man that persevered to be the friend of the white man but since they have come and cleaned out our lodges horses and everything else it is hard for me to believe white men any more 10 black kettle moved south and continued to negotiate with u s officials he signed the treaty of little arkansas river on october 14 1865 by this document the u s promised perpetual peace and lands in reparation for the sand creek massacre however its practical effect was to dispossess the cheyenne yet again and require them to move to indian territory present day oklahoma black kettle s influence continued to wane roman nose and his dog soldiers took a prevailing hard line and continued warfare medicine lodge treaty edit black kettle s dwindling band proclaimed their desire to live peacefully alongside european americans black kettle signed yet another treaty the medicine lodge treaty on october 28 1867 the dog soldiers continued their raids and ambushes across kansas texas and colorado the relationship between the two groups is a subject of historical dispute according to little rock second in command of black kettle s village most of the warriors came back to black kettle s camp after their attacks citation needed white prisoners including children were held within his encampment citation needed by this time black kettle s influence was waning and it is unclear whether he could have stopped the younger warriors actions battle of washita river edit main article battle of washita river the approximate location on the washita river where chief black kettle was killed in response to the continued raids and massacres general philip sheridan devised a plan of punitive reprisals he planned to attack cheyenne winter encampments destroying both supplies and livestock and killing any people who resisted at dawn on the morning of november 27 1868 lieutenant colonel george armstrong custer led his 7th cavalry regiment to attack chief black kettle and his village along the washita river in what is now western oklahoma custer s troops killed more than 100 native americans mostly southern cheyenne death and legacy edit while trying to cross the washita river black kettle and his wife were shot in the back and killed 11 the cheyenne have recognized black kettle as a peacemaker black kettle national grassland in roger mills county oklahoma and hemphill county texas 12 is named after him 13 near the site of his death in present day cheyenne oklahoma the black kettle museum commemorates his legacy 14 in popular culture edit black kettle was a recurring character in the cbs family drama dr quinn medicine woman for its first three seasons played by nick ramus black kettle plays a key role for the series in the pilot episode dr quinn saves black kettle s life by performing a tracheotomy and removing a bullet lodged in his neck she later receives a cheyenne name from black kettle meaning medicine woman black kettle and the fate of his village are featured in episode 4 of tnt miniseries into the west black kettle is portrayed by wes studi on ska band five iron frenzy s our newest album ever the song banner year is about black kettle how he was betrayed and his eventual murder at the hands of custer deathcab for cutie s 2022 album asphalt meadows references black kettle during the sand creek massacre in the song spoken word piece foxglove through the clearcut in the 2021 documentary miniseries exterminate all the brutes directed by raoul peck black kettle and his wife ar no ho wok are both portrayed as walking alone to the regiment harboring a white flag as a sign of peace before getting shot without warning references edit mo ôhtavetoo o in the current orthography see cheyenne names archived september 6 2007 at the wayback machine by wayne leman sand creek massacre timeline 1800 1859 kclonewolf com retrieved april 30 2015 black kettle cheyenne chief and peace negotiator colorado virtual library www coloradovirtuallibrary org march 30 2017 retrieved july 21 2019 cheyenne chief black kettle historynet july 25 2006 retrieved july 21 2019 section 3 the treaties of fort laramie 1851 1868 north dakota studies www ndstudies gov archived from the original on november 4 2019 retrieved july 21 2019 yongli may 6 2016 colorado gold rush coloradoencyclopedia org retrieved july 21 2019 colorado governor orders native americans to sand creek reservation history com a e television networks june 23 2020 archived from the original on march 7 2010 retrieved june 15 2021 congressional testimony of mr john s smith washington march 14 1865 pbs the west 2001 retrieved 31 march 2010 nov 29 1864 colorado militia massacre at sand creek archived 2015 12 08 at the wayback machine history com this day in history retrieved 31 march 2010 who is the savage link removed pbs the west film project 2001 retrieved 2011 07 13 welch james paul tekler 1994 killing custer new york penguin books p 62 in my life on the plains g custer states that while talking to black kettle s sister as one of the captives he states that black kettle came out of his lodge at the first sound of battle fired the first or one of the first shots while raising his warriors with a war whoop and was shot down by the opening volley of the cavalry hwy 47a mailing address 18555 cheyenne ste a us ok 73628 phone 497 2742 contact black kettle national grassland washita battlefield national historic site u s national park service www nps gov retrieved july 21 2019 cite web cs1 maint numeric names authors list link hwy 47a mailing address 18555 cheyenne ste a us ok 73628 phone 497 2742 contact history culture washita battlefield national historic site u s national park service www nps gov retrieved july 21 2019 cite web cs1 maint numeric names authors list link black kettle museum exhibit to open oklahoman com july 6 2000 retrieved july 21 2019 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to black kettle wikiquote has quotations related to black kettle encyclopedia of oklahoma history and culture black kettle authority control databases international isni viaf gnd fast worldcat national united states netherlands israel retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title black_kettle oldid 1365850820 categories 1800s births 1868 deaths people murdered in 1868 chiefs of the cheyenne comanche campaign native american tribal government officials in indian territory murdered native american people native american people of the indian wars native american people from south dakota sand creek massacre hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata use american english from february 2026 all wikipedia articles written in american english use mdy dates from july 2024 articles with hcards webarchive template wayback links deprecated archive template links all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from november 2019 cs1 maint numeric names authors list commons category link is on wikidata this page was last edited on 24 july 2026 at 20 28 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non 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