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bootstrap front end framework wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 features 2 history toggle history subsection 2 1 early beginnings 2 2 bootstrap 2 2 3 bootstrap 3 2 4 bootstrap 4 2 5 bootstrap 5 3 see also 4 references 5 external links toggle the table of contents bootstrap front end framework 45 languages العربية azərbaycanca беларуская тарашкевіца български বাংলা català کوردی čeština deutsch ελληνικά español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français עברית հայերեն bahasa indonesia íslenska italiano 日本語 qaraqalpaqsha 한국어 кыргызча lombard മലയാളം bahasa melayu nederlands polski português română русский සිංහල simple english shqip српски srpski தமிழ் ไทย türkçe українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tiếng việt 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects abstract wikipedia wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia web design front end this article is about the css framework for other uses see bootstrapping disambiguation bootstrap original authors mark otto jacob thornton developer bootstrap core team release august 19 2011 15 years ago 2011 08 19 stable release 5 3 8 1 25 august 2025 13 months ago 25 august 2025 written in html css less v3 sass v4 and javascript platform web platform license mit license 2 apache license 2 0 prior to 3 1 0 3 website getbootstrap com repository github com twbs bootstrap bootstrap formerly twitter bootstrap is a free and open source css framework directed at responsive mobile first front end web development it contains html css and optionally javascript based design templates for typography forms buttons navigation and other interface components as of may 2023 update bootstrap is the 17th most starred project 4th most starred library on github with over 164 000 stars 4 as of january 2023 update bootstrap is used by 19 2 of all websites according to w3techs 5 features edit bootstrap is an html css and js library that focuses on simplifying the development of informative web pages as opposed to web applications the primary purpose of adding it to a web project is to apply bootstrap s choices of color size font and layout to that project as such the primary factor is whether the developers in charge find those choices to their liking once added to a project bootstrap provides basic style definitions for all html elements the result is a uniform appearance for prose tables and form elements across web browsers in addition developers can take advantage of css classes defined in bootstrap to further customize the appearance of their contents for example bootstrap has provisioned for light and dark colored tables page headings more prominent pull quotes and text with a highlight bootstrap also comes with several javascript components which do not require other libraries like jquery they provide additional user interface elements such as dialog boxes tooltips progress bars navigation drop downs and carousels each bootstrap component consists of an html structure css declarations and in some cases accompanying javascript code they also extend the functionality of some existing interface elements including for example an auto complete function for input fields example of a webpage using bootstrap framework rendered in firefox the most prominent components of bootstrap are its layout components as they affect an entire web page the basic layout component is called container as every other element in the page is placed in it developers can choose between a fixed width container and a fluid width container while the latter always fills the width with the web page the former uses one of the five predefined fixed widths depending on the size of the screen showing the page 6 smaller than 576 pixels 576 768 pixels 768 992 pixels 992 1200 pixels 1200 1400 pixels larger than 1400 pixels once a container is in place other bootstrap layout components implement a css flexbox layout through defining rows and columns a precompiled version of bootstrap is available in the form of one css file and three javascript files that can be readily added to any project the raw form of bootstrap however enables developers to implement further customization and size optimizations this raw form is modular meaning that the developer can remove unneeded components apply a theme and modify the uncompiled sass files history edit early beginnings edit bootstrap originally named twitter blueprint was developed by mark otto and jacob thornton at twitter in 2010 as a framework to encourage consistency across internal tools before bootstrap various libraries were used for interface development which led to inconsistencies and a high maintenance burden according to otto a super small group of developers and i got together to design and build a new internal tool and saw an opportunity to do something more through that process we saw ourselves build something much more substantial than another internal tool months later we ended up with an early version of bootstrap as a way to document and share common design patterns and assets within the company 7 after a few months of development by a small group many developers at twitter began to contribute to the project as a part of hack week a hackathon style week for the twitter development team it was renamed from twitter blueprint to twitter bootstrap and released as an open source project on august 19 2011 8 it has continued to be maintained by otto thornton a small group of core developers and a large community of contributors 9 bootstrap 2 edit on january 31 2012 bootstrap 2 was released which added built in support for glyphicons several new components as well as changes to many of the existing components this version supports responsive web design meaning the layout of web pages adjusts dynamically taking into account the characteristics of the device used whether desktop tablet mobile phone 10 shortly before the release of bootstrap 2 1 2 otto and thornton left twitter but committed to continue to work on bootstrap as an independent project 11 bootstrap 3 edit on august 19 2013 bootstrap 3 was released it redesigned components to use flat design and a mobile first approach 12 bootstrap 3 features new plugin system with namespaced events bootstrap 3 dropped internet explorer 7 and firefox 3 6 support but there is an optional polyfill for these browsers 13 bootstrap 3 was also the first version released under the twbs organization on github instead of the twitter one 14 bootstrap 4 edit otto announced bootstrap 4 on october 29 2014 15 the first alpha version of bootstrap 4 was released on august 19 2015 16 the first beta version was released on august 10 2017 17 otto suspended work on bootstrap 3 on september 6 2016 to free up time to work on bootstrap 4 bootstrap 4 was finalized on january 18 2018 18 significant changes include major rewrite of the code replacing less with sass addition of reboot a collection of element specific css changes in a single file based on normalize dropping support for ie8 ie9 and ios 6 css flexible box support adding navigation customization options adding responsive spacing and sizing utilities switching from the pixels unit in css to root ems increasing global font size from 14px to 16px for enhanced readability dropping the panel thumbnail pager and well components dropping the glyphicons icon font huge number quantify of utility classes improved form styling buttons drop down menus media objects and image classes bootstrap 4 supports the latest versions of google chrome firefox internet explorer opera and safari except on windows it additionally supports back to ie10 and the latest firefox extended support release esr 19 bootstrap 5 edit bootstrap 5 was officially released on may 5 2021 20 21 major changes include 22 new offcanvas menu component removing dependence on jquery in favor of vanilla javascript rewriting the grid to support responsive gutters and columns placed outside of rows migrating the documentation from jekyll to hugo dropping support for internet explorer 23 moving testing infrastructure from qunit to jasmine adding custom set of svg icons 24 adding css custom properties improved api enhanced grid system improved customizing docs updated forms rtl support built in darkmode support see also edit free and open source software portal css framework jquery mobile javascript framework javascript library tailwind css web framework some support rendering in bootstrap 25 26 references edit release v5 3 8 august 25 2025 retrieved august 25 2025 bootstrap license github bootstrap license v3 0 3 github search stars 100000 github retrieved december 4 2022 usage statistics and market share of bootstrap for websites w3techs com retrieved january 24 2023 bootstrap containers bootstrap v5 0 otto mark january 17 2012 bootstrap in a list apart no 342 mark otto s blog archived from the original on october 28 2016 retrieved february 23 2017 otto mark august 19 2011 bootstrap from twitter developer blog twitter archived from the original on february 23 2017 retrieved february 23 2017 about bootstrap august 19 2011 retrieved february 23 2017 otto mark january 31 2012 say hello to bootstrap 2 0 developer blog twitter archived from the original on february 23 2017 retrieved february 23 2017 otto mark september 29 2012 onward blog getbootstrap com bootstrap blog bootstrap 3 released august 19 2013 otto mark august 19 2013 bootstrap 3 released archived from the original on october 21 2016 retrieved february 23 2017 bootstrap 3 plans december 10 2012 otto mark october 29 2014 bootstrap 3 3 0 released archived from the original on july 24 2016 retrieved february 23 2017 otto mark august 19 2015 bootstrap 4 alpha archived from the original on january 23 2017 retrieved february 23 2017 otto mark thornton jacob august 10 2017 bootstrap 4 beta retrieved august 16 2017 bootstrap 4 blog getbootstrap com january 18 2018 retrieved february 5 2021 supported browsers bootstrap retrieved february 23 2017 release release v5 0 0 33647 twbs bootstrap github retrieved may 5 2021 bootstrap 5 blog getbootstrap com may 5 2021 bootstrap 5 grid by martijncuppens pull request 28517 twbs bootstrap github retrieved september 29 2019 v5 drop internet explorer support by xhmikosr pull request 30377 twbs bootstrap github retrieved april 7 2020 bootstrap icons retrieved november 7 2022 bootstrap flask helloflask retrieved november 7 2022 bootstrap django zelenij retrieved november 7 2022 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to bootstrap framework official website twbs on github authority control databases gnd retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title bootstrap_ front end_framework oldid 1374894159 categories 2011 software css frameworks free software programmed in javascript html javascript libraries software using the mit license x social network web design web development responsive web design mobile web hidden categories use mdy dates from june 2021 articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles containing potentially dated statements from may 2023 all articles containing potentially dated statements articles containing potentially dated statements from january 2023 all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from february 2019 commons category link is on wikidata this page was last edited on 14 september 2026 at 18 07 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents bootstrap front end framework 45 languages add topic