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follow, within, end, gin3, ㄍㄧㄋ, gaan1, aːn, gan1, defeated, baai6, aai, aːi, ends, then, followed, kʷʰ, aunn, ainn, unn, inn, enn, onn, ann, d͡z, d͡ʑ, derivation, specifically, teach, phonetically, contexts, storefront, signs, karaoke, lyrics, film, subtitles, carried, over, ㄇㄚˋ, ㄇㄚˇ, ㄇㄚˊ, ㄙㄨㄛ, ㄘㄨㄛ, ㄗㄨㄛ, ㄒㄩㄢ, ㄑㄧㄣ, ㄐㄩㄥ, ㄐㄧㄢ, ssŭ, tzŭ, tso, tsê, jih, shê, chê, hsüan, chiung, chien, sih, cih, zih, rih, jhih, jhe, syuan, jyong, suo, cuo, zuo, che, zhe, xuan, jiong, swo, tsʰɨ, tsʰwo, tsʰɤ, tsɨ, tswo, tsɤ, ʈʂʰɨ, ʈʂʰɤ, ʈʂɨ, ʈʂɤ, ɕɥɛn, tɕʰin, tɕjʊŋ, tɕjɛn, ㄉㄨㄣ, ㄉㄨㄟ, ㄉㄧㄡ, tun, tui, tiu, fêng, lyu, nyu, duei, diou, fong, dun, dui, diu, feng, kʰɤ, tʰɤ, twən, twei, tjou, fəŋ, yün, yüan, yüeh, wêng, wên, yung, yen, yeh, wun, ɥɛn, wəŋ, wən, jʊŋ, jɛn, jou, ung, pronounced, follows, iong, i̯ʊŋ, üan, y̯ɛn, y̯ɛ, u̯ɤŋ, uang, u̯ɑŋ, u̯ən, wan, uan, u̯an, u̯ei̯, wai, uai, u̯ai̯, u̯o, u̯a, ing, iang, i̯ɑŋ, ian, i̯ɛn, i̯ou̯, yao, iao, i̯ɑu̯, yai, i̯ai̯, i̯ɛ, i̯o, i̯a, ou̯, ɑu̯, ei̯, ai̯, medial, rime, counterparts, finals, hence, correspondence, rhotacized, result, spelled, like, case, penultimate, standing, nucleus, hǎowánr, ㄨㄢˊㄦ, yīdiǎnr, ㄉㄧㄢˇㄦ, nǎr, ㄋㄚˇㄦ, gēr, ㄍㄜㄦ, ㄆㄧㄥˊ, bottle, píngzi, conjunction, typically, placed, aligns, whose, texts, making, better, suited, annotating, oriented, printed, second, third, fourth, shared, included, while, overbar, lack, unofficially, blocks, similar, considered, nor, unsupported, traditionally, almost, exclusively, rare, occasion, become, generally, even, decided, always, updates, representative, glyph, fonts, able, aware, rule, differ, though, them, fricative, ㄋㄩˇ, ㄨㄛˇ, ㄋㄨˇ, transitory, ㄋㄧˋ, bottom, shēng, gōng, ㄕㄤˋ, shàng, wāng, shēn, according, yǐn, shān, bloom, fàn, hàn, shōu, yòu, ㄕㄠˇ, shǎo, yāo, ㄕㄟˊ, shéi, meaning, ㄕㄞˋ, shài, hài, ㄉㄧㄝ, diē, warring, states, bamboo, ㄉㄜˊ, allophone, ㄉㄨㄛ, duō, inhalation, ㄉㄚˋ, rhymes, medials, sāi, later, replaced, ㄘㄞˊ, cái, tsʻ, tsʰ, tsʻi¹, tsʰí, ciī, ㄗㄞˋ, zài, tsieh², tsjě, zié, jié, ㄖㄨˋ, day, sun, shì, shù, ㄕㄨˋ, shī, chū, chī, ʈʂʰ, chì, ㄓㄨˇ, zhǔ, genitive, ㄒㄧㄠˇ, xiǎo, xià, 广ㄧㄢˇ, ㄧㄢˇ, dotted, cliff, anymore, ㄑㄧㄠˇ, qiǎo, tɕʰ, graphic, root, river, chuān, quǎn, ㄐㄧㄠˋ, jiào, jiū, hǎo, hǎn, ㄫㄨˇ, towering, ㄎㄠˇ, breath, sigh, component, ㄍㄠˋ, gào, ditch, kuài, guì, ㄌㄧˋ, power, ㄋㄧˇ, copula, nǎi, ㄊㄧˊ, upside, ㄉㄧˋ, blade, shuowen, dāo, ㄪㄟˇ, ㄨㄟˇ, wěi, simplification, ten, thousand, wàn, ㄈㄟˇ, fěi, open, box, fāng, ㄇㄧˊ, cover, knock, lightly, wrap, package, taken, mainly, contain, sound, each, listed, front, mouth, back, etc, articulation, regularized, formats, given, applied, practically, variety, handwriting, because, encoded, christians, position, secondary, editions, institutions, some, overseas, communities, filipino, popular, way, enter, smartphones, predominant, reading, particularly, lower, years, textbooks, often, annotated, aid, learning, additionally, children, newspaper, annotates, daily, typeset, 1936, jinxi, led, 1912, annotate, accordance, draft, released, officially, proclaimed, until, 1928, 1930, renamed, address, fears

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taiwanese phofsit daibuun habhunwe latinxua sin bhundzi bbánlám pìngyīm daighi tongiong pingim tlpa tâi lô comparison chart teochew peng im pe̍h ūe jī fuzhounese foochow romanized fuzhou transliteration scheme northern min kienning colloquial romanized pu xian min hinghwa romanized hainanese hainan romanized haikou dialect hainanese transliteration scheme wenchang dialect shao jiang min romanized shaowu shaowu dialect gan chang du pinfa hakka meixian pinfa hagfa pinyim sixian pha̍k fa sṳ tlpa xiang chang yi pinfa polylectal general chinese romanized general chinese see also other transliterations character based general chinese cyrillization xiao erjing ʼphags pa script bopomofo taiwanese kana taiwanese phonetic symbols transcription into chinese by place romanization in hong kong romanization in singapore romanization in taiwan v t e history of the alphabet entries marked with a double dagger are non alphabetic egyptian hieroglyphs 32nd c bce hieratic 32nd c bce demotic 7th c bce meroitic 3rd c bce proto sinaitic 19th c bce ugaritic 15th c bce ancient south arabian 9th c bce geʽez c 5th c bce phoenician 12th c bce see below hangul 1443 thaana c 1601 adlam 1989 phoenician 12th c bce paleo hebrew 10th c bce samaritan 6th c bce aramaic 8th c bce unknown kushan script 600 200 bce kharosthi 3rd c bce brahmi 3rd c bce brahmic pallava 4th century cham 4th century dhives akuru 6th century khmer 611 tibetan 7th century ʼphags pa 1269 devanagari 10th century canadian aboriginal 1840 hebrew 3rd c bce pahlavi 2nd c bce avestan 4th century palmyrene 1st c bce nabataean 2nd c bce arabic 4th century n ko 1949 syriac 1st century sogdian 2nd century old turkic 8th century old hungarian c 650 old uyghur mongolian 1204 mandaic 2nd century greek 8th c bce etruscan 8th c bce latin 7th c bce deseret 1854 great lakes algonquian 19th century blackfoot 1888 fraser 1915 saanich 1978 osage 2006 runic 2nd century ogham 4th century lycian 5th c bce coptic 3rd century gothic 3rd century armenian 405 caucasian albanian c 420 georgian c 430 glagolitic 862 cyrillic c 940 old permic 1372 libyco berber 10th c bce tifinagh 4th century neo tifinagh 1970 paleohispanic 7th c bce bopomofo also called zhuyin fuhao 1 dʒ uː ˌ j ɪ n f uː ˈ h aʊ joo yin foo how 注音符號 zhùyīn fúhào phonetic symbols or simply zhuyin 2 is a transliteration system for standard chinese and other sinitic languages it is the principal method of teaching mandarin pronunciation in taiwan it consists of 37 characters and five tone marks which together can transcribe all possible sounds in mandarin chinese bopomofo was first introduced in china during the 1910s by the beiyang government where it was used alongside wade giles a romanization system which used a modified latin alphabet today bopomofo is more common in taiwan than on the mainland and is used as the primary electronic input method for taiwanese mandarin as well as in dictionaries and other non official documents terminology edit bopomofo is the name used for the system by the international organization for standardization iso and unicode analogous to how the word alphabet is derived from the names of the first two letters in the greek alphabet alpha and beta the name bopomofo derives from the first four syllabographs in the system s conventional consonant order ㄅ ㄆ ㄇ and ㄈ 3 in taiwan the system is commonly known by its official name zhuyin fuhao 注音符號 phonetic symbols or simply as zhuyin 注音 phonetic notation in official documents it is occasionally called mandarin phonetic symbols i 國語注音符號第一式 abbreviated as mps i 注音一式 4 5 to distinguish it from the mandarin phonetic symbols ii mps ii system published in 1984 formerly the system was named guoyin zimu 國音字母 national language alphabet and zhuyin zimu 注音字母 phonetic alphabet 4 history edit origins edit main article commission on the unification of pronunciation phonetic symbols the commission on the unification of pronunciation led by wu zhihui from 1912 to 1913 created a system called zhuyin zimu 4 which was based on zhang binglin s shorthand it was used as the official phonetic script to annotate the sounds of the characters in accordance with the old national pronunciation 6 a draft was released on 11 july 1913 by the republic of china national ministry of education but it was not officially proclaimed until 23 november 1928 4 it was first named guóyīn zìmǔ national pronunciation alphabet but in april 1930 was renamed zhùyīn fúhào phonetic symbols to address fears that the alphabetic system might independently replace chinese characters 7 modern use edit a guide on how to typeset bopomofo alongside characters 1936 li jinxi bopomofo is the predominant phonetic system in teaching reading and writing in elementary school in taiwan in elementary school particularly in the lower years chinese characters in textbooks are often annotated with bopomofo as ruby characters as an aid to learning additionally one children s newspaper in taiwan the mandarin daily news annotates all articles with bopomofo ruby characters it is also the most popular way for taiwanese to enter chinese characters into computers and smartphones and to look up characters in a dictionary in teaching mandarin taiwan institutions and some overseas communities such as filipino chinese use bopomofo bopomofo is shown in a position secondary to that of hanyu pinyin in all editions of xiandai hanyu cidian from the 1960 edition to the current 2016 edition 7th edition bopomofo is also used to transcribe other chinese languages most commonly taiwanese hokkien and cantonese however its use can be applied to practically any variety in handwriting because not all letters are encoded outside of chinese bopomofo letters are also used in hmu and ge languages by a small number of hmu christians 8 symbols edit table of bopomofo with romanization given in gwoyeu romatzyh bopomofo in regular handwritten regular cursive formats the bopomofo characters were created by zhang binglin taken mainly from regularized forms of ancient chinese characters the modern readings of which contain the sound that each letter represents the consonants are listed in order of place of articulation from the front of the mouth to the back b p m f d t n l etc origin of bopomofo symbols consonants bopomofo origin 9 ipa pinyin wg example ㄅ from 勹 the ancient form and current top portion of 包 bāo to wrap up package p b p 包 bāo ㄅㄠ ㄆ from 攵 a variant form of 攴 pū to knock lightly pʰ p pʻ 撲 pū ㄆㄨ ㄇ from 冂 the archaic character and current cover radical 冖 mì m m m 冞 mí ㄇㄧˊ ㄈ from the right open box radical 匚 fāng f f f 匪 fěi ㄈㄟˇ ㄪ from 万 a simplification of 萬 wàn ten thousand no longer used in mandarin transcription v n a v 尾 wěi ㄨㄟˇ ㄪㄟˇ ㄉ from 𠚣 archaic form of 刀 dāo blade compare the shuowen seal t d t 地 dì ㄉㄧˋ ㄊ from 𠫓 tū an upside down form of 子 zǐ and an ancient form of 突 tū and in seal script 10 11 tʰ t tʻ 提 tí ㄊㄧˊ ㄋ from 𠄎 ancient form of 乃 nǎi to be a copula in classical chinese n n n 你 nǐ ㄋㄧˇ ㄌ from 𠠲 archaic form of 力 lì power l l l 利 lì ㄌㄧˋ ㄍ from the obsolete character 巜 guì kuài ditch k g k 告 gào ㄍㄠˋ ㄎ from the archaic character now breath or sigh component 丂 kǎo kʰ k kʻ 考 kǎo ㄎㄠˇ ㄫ from 兀 wù towering no longer used in mandarin transcription ŋ ng ng 五 wǔ ㄨˇ ㄫㄨˇ ㄏ from the archaic character and current radical 厂 hǎn x h h h 好 hǎo ㄏㄠˇ ㄐ from the archaic character 丩 jiū tɕ j ch 叫 jiào ㄐㄧㄠˋ ㄑ from the archaic character 𡿨 quǎn graphic root of the character 巛 chuān river modern 川 tɕʰ q chʻ 巧 qiǎo ㄑㄧㄠˇ ㄬ from the archaic character 广 yǎn dotted cliff not used in mandarin anymore ɲ gn gn 眼 yǎn ㄧㄢˇ 广ㄧㄢˇ ㄒ from 丅 an ancient form of 下 xià under ɕ x hs 小 xiǎo ㄒㄧㄠˇ ㄓ from 𡳿 archaic form of 之 zhī a genitive marker in classical chinese ʈʂ zhi zh ch 知 zhī ㄓ 主 zhǔ ㄓㄨˇ ㄔ from the character and radical 彳 chì ʈʂʰ chi ch chʻ 吃 chī ㄔ 出 chū ㄔㄨ ㄕ from 𡰣 an ancient form of 尸 shī ʂ shi sh sh 是 shì ㄕˋ 束 shù ㄕㄨˋ ㄖ modified from the seal script form of 日 rì day or sun ɻ ʐ ri r j 日 rì ㄖˋ 入 rù ㄖㄨˋ ㄗ from the archaic character and current radical 卩 jié dialectically zié tsjě tsieh² in wade giles ts zi z ts 字 zì ㄗˋ 在 zài ㄗㄞˋ ㄘ from 𠀁 archaic form of 七 qī dialectically ciī tsʰí tsʻi¹ in wade giles compare semi cursive form and seal script tsʰ ci c tsʻ 詞 cí ㄘˊ 才 cái ㄘㄞˊ ㄙ from the archaic character 厶 sī which was later replaced by its compound 私 sī s si s s 四 sì ㄙˋ 塞 sāi ㄙㄞ rhymes and medials bopomofo origin ipa pinyin wg example ㄚ from 丫 yā a a a 大 dà ㄉㄚˋ ㄛ from the obsolete character 𠀀 hē inhalation the reverse of 丂 kǎo which is preserved as a phonetic in the compound 可 kě 12 o o o 多 duō ㄉㄨㄛ ㄜ derived from its allophone in standard chinese ㄛ o ɤ e o ê 得 dé ㄉㄜˊ ㄝ from 也 yě also compare the warring states bamboo form e ie ê eh 爹 diē ㄉㄧㄝ ㄞ from 𠀅 hài archaic form of 亥 ai ai ai 晒 shài ㄕㄞˋ ㄟ from 乁 yí an obsolete character meaning 移 yí to move ei ei ei 誰 shéi ㄕㄟˊ ㄠ from 幺 yāo au ao ao 少 shǎo ㄕㄠˇ ㄡ from 又 yòu ou ou ou 收 shōu ㄕㄡ ㄢ from the archaic character 𢎘 hàn to bloom preserved as a phonetic in the compound 犯 fàn an an an 山 shān ㄕㄢ ㄣ from 𠃉 archaic variant of 鳦 yǐ or 乚 yà 13 乚 is yǐn according to other sources 14 ən en ên 申 shēn ㄕㄣ ㄤ from 尢 wāng aŋ ang ang 上 shàng ㄕㄤˋ ㄥ from 𠃋 archaic form of 肱 gōng 15 əŋ eng êng 生 shēng ㄕㄥ ㄦ from 儿 the bottom portion of 兒 ér used as a cursive and simplified form ɚ er êrh 而 ér ㄦˊ ㄧ from 一 yī one i y yi i i 以 yǐ ㄧˇ 逆 nì ㄋㄧˋ ㄨ from 㐅 ancient form of 五 wǔ five compare the transitory form 𠄡 u w wu u u w 努 nǔ ㄋㄨˇ 我 wǒ ㄨㄛˇ ㄩ from the ancient character 𠙴 qū 16 y yu ü ü yü 雨 yǔ ㄩˇ 女 nǚ ㄋㄩˇ ㄭ from the character 帀 it represents the fricative vowel of ㄓ ㄔ ㄕ ㄖ ㄗ ㄘ ㄙ though it is not used after them in transcription 17 ɻ̩ ʐ̩ ɹ̩ z̩ i ih ŭ 資 zī ㄗ 知 zhī ㄓ 死 sǐ ㄙˇ writing edit stroke order edit bopomofo is written in the same stroke order rule as chinese characters however the number of strokes can differ from the derived character and the bopomofo character for example ㄖ is written with three strokes unlike the character from which it is derived chinese 日 pinyin rì which has four strokes ㄧ can be written as a vertical line or a horizontal line both are accepted forms traditionally it should be written as a horizontal line in vertical writing and a vertical line in horizontal writing the people s republic of china almost exclusively uses horizontal writing so the vertical form in the rare occasion that bopomofo is used has become the standard form there language education in taiwan generally uses vertical writing so most people learn it as a horizontal line and use a horizontal form even in horizontal writing in 2008 the taiwanese ministry of education decided that the primary form should always be the horizontal form but that the vertical form is an accepted alternative 18 unicode 8 0 0 published an errata in 2014 that updates the representative glyph to be the horizontal form 19 computer fonts may only display one form or the other or may be able to display both if the font is aware of changes needed for vertical writing bopomofo is occasionally unofficially handwritten as syllable blocks similar to hangul however this is not considered an accepted form by the people s republic of china nor the republic of china and it is unsupported by unicode tonal marks edit as shown in the following table tone marks for the second third and fourth tones are shared between bopomofo and pinyin in bopomofo the mark for first tone is usually omitted but can be included 20 21 while a dot above indicates the fifth tone also known as the neutral tone in pinyin a macron overbar indicates the first tone and the lack of a marker usually indicates the fifth light tone tone bopomofo pinyin tone marker unicode name tone marker unicode name 1 ˉ modifier letter macron usually omitted 20 21 ̄ combining macron 2 ˊ modifier letter acute accent ́ combining acute accent 3 ˇ caron ̌ combining caron 4 ˋ modifier letter grave accent ̀ combining grave accent 5 dot above 22 middle dot usually omitted 23 unlike hanyu pinyin bopomofo aligns well with the chinese characters in books whose texts are printed vertically making bopomofo better suited for annotating the pronunciation of vertically oriented chinese text when used in conjunction with chinese characters bopomofo is typically placed to the right of the chinese character vertically in both vertical print 24 25 and horizontal print 26 or to the top of the chinese character in horizontal print see ruby characters example edit below is an example for the word bottle pinyin píngzi 瓶 ㄆ ㄧ ㄥˊ 子 ㄗ 瓶 ㄆ ㄧ ㄥˊ 子 ㄗ or ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄗ 瓶 子 erhua transcription edit words rhotacized as a result of erhua are spelled with ㄦ attached to the syllable like 歌兒 ㄍㄜㄦ gēr in case the syllable uses other tones than the 1st tone the tone mark is attached to the penultimate letter standing for syllable nucleus but not to ㄦ e g 哪兒 ㄋㄚˇㄦ nǎr 一 ㄧ 點兒 ㄉㄧㄢˇㄦ yīdiǎnr 好 ㄏㄠˇ 玩兒 ㄨㄢˊㄦ hǎowánr 27 comparison edit pinyin edit bopomofo and pinyin are based on the same mandarin pronunciations hence there is a one to one correspondence between the two systems ipa and pinyin counterparts of bopomofo finals rime ㄚ ㄛ ㄜ ㄝ ㄞ ㄟ ㄠ ㄡ ㄢ ㄣ ㄤ ㄥ ㄦ medial ɨ ㄭ 1 i a ㄚ a a o ㄛ 3 o o 3 ɤ ㄜ e e ɛ ㄝ ê ai̯ ㄞ ai ai ei̯ ㄟ ei ei ɑu̯ ㄠ ao ao ou̯ ㄡ ou ou an ㄢ an an ən ㄣ en en ɑŋ ㄤ ang ang ɤŋ ㄥ eng eng aɚ ㄦ er ㄧ i ㄧ yi i i̯a ㄧㄚ ya ia i̯o ㄧㄛ yo i̯ɛ ㄧㄝ ye ie i̯ai̯ ㄧㄞ yai i̯ɑu̯ ㄧㄠ yao iao i̯ou̯ ㄧㄡ you iu i̯ɛn ㄧㄢ yan ian in ㄧㄣ yin in i̯ɑŋ ㄧㄤ yang iang iŋ ㄧㄥ ying ing ㄨ u ㄨ wu u u̯a ㄨㄚ wa ua u̯o ㄨㄛ 3 wo uo 3 u̯ai̯ ㄨㄞ wai uai u̯ei̯ ㄨㄟ wei ui u̯an ㄨㄢ wan uan u̯ən ㄨㄣ wen un u̯ɑŋ ㄨㄤ wang uang u̯ɤŋ ʊŋ ㄨㄥ weng ong 4 ㄩ y ㄩ yu ü 2 y̯ɛ ㄩㄝ yue üe 2 y̯ɛn ㄩㄢ yuan üan 2 yn ㄩㄣ yun ün 2 i̯ʊŋ ㄩㄥ yong iong 1 not written 2 ü is written as u after j q x or y 3 ㄨㄛ uo is written as ㄛ o after ㄅ b ㄆ p ㄇ m ㄈ f 4 weng is pronounced ʊŋ written as ong when it follows an initial chart edit vowels a e o ipa a ɔ ɛ ɤ ai ei au ou an ən aŋ əŋ ʊŋ aɹ pinyin a o ê e ai ei ao ou an en ang eng ong er tongyong pinyin wade giles eh ê o ên êng ung êrh bopomofo ㄚ ㄛ ㄝ ㄜ ㄞ ㄟ ㄠ ㄡ ㄢ ㄣ ㄤ ㄥ ㄨㄥ ㄦ example 阿 喔 誒 俄 艾 黑 凹 偶 安 恩 昂 冷 中 二 vowels i u y ipa i je jou jɛn in iŋ jʊŋ u wo wei wən wəŋ y ɥe ɥɛn yn pinyin yi ye you yan yin ying yong wu wo o wei wen weng yu yue yuan yun tongyong pinyin wun wong wade giles i yi yeh yu yen yung wên wêng yü yüeh yüan yün bopomofo ㄧ ㄧㄝ ㄧㄡ ㄧㄢ ㄧㄣ ㄧㄥ ㄩㄥ ㄨ ㄨㄛ ㄛ ㄨㄟ ㄨㄣ ㄨㄥ ㄩ ㄩㄝ ㄩㄢ ㄩㄣ example 一 也 又 言 音 英 用 五 我 位 文 翁 玉 月 元 雲 non sibilant consonants ipa p pʰ m fəŋ tjou twei twən tʰɤ ny ly kɤ kʰɤ xɤ pinyin b p m feng diu dui dun te nü lü ge ke he tongyong pinyin fong diou duei nyu lyu wade giles p p ʻ fêng tiu tui tun t ʻ ê nü lü ko k ʻ o ho bopomofo ㄅ ㄆ ㄇ ㄈㄥ ㄉㄧㄡ ㄉㄨㄟ ㄉㄨㄣ ㄊㄜ ㄋㄩ ㄌㄩ ㄍㄜ ㄎㄜ ㄏㄜ example 玻 婆 末 封 丟 兌 頓 特 女 旅 歌 可 何 sibilant consonants ipa tɕjɛn tɕjʊŋ tɕʰin ɕɥɛn ʈʂɤ ʈʂɨ ʈʂʰɤ ʈʂʰɨ ʂɤ ʂɨ ɻɤ ɻɨ tsɤ tswo tsɨ tsʰɤ tsʰwo tsʰɨ sɤ swo sɨ pinyin jian jiong qin xuan zhe zhi che chi she shi re ri ze zuo zi ce cuo ci se suo si tongyong pinyin jyong cin syuan jhe jhih chih shih rih zih cih sih wade giles chien chiung ch ʻ in hsüan chê chih ch ʻ ê ch ʻ ih shê shih jê jih ...