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hite or its reverse 1 2 co co 2 c boudouard equilibrium at 1 bar abs calculated with 2 different methods standard enthalpy of the boudouard reaction at various temperatures the boudouard reaction which forms carbon dioxide and carbon is exothermic at all temperatures however the standard enthalpy of the boudouard reaction becomes less negative with increasing temperature 2 as shown to the side while the formation enthalpy of co 2 is higher than that of co the formation entropy is much lower consequently the standard free energy of formation of co 2 from its component elements is almost constant and independent of the temperature while the free energy of formation of co decreases with temperature 3 at high temperatures the forward reaction becomes endergonic favoring the exergonic reverse reaction toward co even though the forward reaction is still exothermic the effect of temperature on the extent of the boudouard reaction is indicated better by the value of the equilibrium constant than by the standard free energy of reaction the value of log 10 k eq for the reaction as a function of temperature in kelvin valid between 500 2200 k is approximately 4 log 10 k e q 9141 t 0 000224 t 9 595 displaystyle log _ 10 k_ rm eq frac 9141 t 0 000224t 9 595 log 10 k eq has a value of zero at approx 975 k the implication of the change in k eq with temperature is that a gas containing co may form elemental carbon if the mixture cools below a certain temperature the thermodynamic activity of carbon may be calculated for a co co 2 mixture using the partial pressures of each species and the value of k eq for instance in a high temperature reducing environment such as that created for the reduction of iron oxide in a blast furnace or the preparation of carburizing atmospheres 5 carbon monoxide is the stable oxide of carbon when a gas rich in co is cooled to the point where the activity of carbon exceeds 1 the boudouard reaction can occur carbon monoxide then tends to disproportionate into carbon dioxide and graphite which forms soot in industrial catalysis this is not just an eyesore sooting also called coking can cause serious even irreversible damage to catalysts and catalyst beds this is a problem in the catalytic reforming of petroleum and the steam reforming of natural gas the reaction is named after the french chemist octave leopold boudouard 1872 1923 who investigated this equilibrium in 1905 6 uses edit although the damaging effect of carbon monoxide on catalysts is undesirable this reaction has been used in producing graphite flakes filamentous graphite and lamellar graphite crystallites as well as producing carbon nanotubes 7 8 9 10 in graphite production catalysts used are molybdenum magnesium nickel iron and cobalt 7 8 while in carbon nanotube production molybdenum nickel cobalt iron and ni mgo catalysts are used 9 10 the boudouard reaction is an important process inside a blast furnace the reduction of iron oxides is not achieved by carbon directly as reactions between solids are typically very slow but by carbon monoxide the resulting carbon dioxide undergoes a reverse boudouard reaction upon contact with coke carbon undesired occurrence edit while the boudouard reaction is used deliberately in some processes it is undesired in others in the gas cooled graphite moderated british nuclear reactors magnox and agr reaction between the co 2 coolant and the graphite moderator had to be avoided or at least kept to a minimum as the equilibrium of the reaction shifts in favor of carbon at lower temperatures this was solved in the magnox reactor by simply having a lower operating temperature however this in turn reduced the achievable thermal efficiency in the agr which was supposed to improve upon the lessons learned from the magnox a higher coolant outlet temperature was an explicit design goal britain being reliant on coal power at the time the aim was to achieve the same steam temperature as in coal fired plants and thus a re entrant flow of coolant at the lower boiler outlet temperature of 278 c 532 f is utilized to cool the graphite ensuring that the graphite core temperatures do not vary too much from those seen in a magnox reactor references edit bioenergylist org boudouard reaction spreadsheet reaction web list of standard gibbs free energies of formation based on a regression of values from the reaction web reference this equation yields quite accurate values even though rt 2 times its derivative does not yield an accurate formula for δh as it should asm committee on furnace atmospheres furnace atmospheres and carbon control metals park oh 1964 holleman arnold f wiber egon wiberg nils 2001 inorganic chemistry academic press p 810 isbn 978 0 12 352651 9 retrieved 12 july 2013 1 2 baird t fryer j r grant b oct 1974 carbon formation on iron and nickel foils by hydrocarbon pyrolysis reactions at 700 c carbon 12 5 591 602 bibcode 1974carbo 12 591b doi 10 1016 0008 6223 74 90060 8 1 2 trimm d l 1977 the formation and removal of coke from nickel catalyst catalysis reviews science and engineering 16 155 189 doi 10 1080 03602457708079636 1 2 dal h j rinzler a g nikolaev p thess a colbert d t smalley r e 1996 single wall nanotubes produced by metal catalyzed disproportionation of carbon monoxide chem phys lett 260 3 471 475 bibcode 1996cpl 260 471d doi 10 1016 0009 2614 96 00862 7 1 2 chen p zhang h b lin g d hong q tsai k r 1997 growth of carbon nanotubes by catalytic decomposition of ch 4 or co on a ni mgo catalyst carbon 35 10 11 1495 1501 bibcode 1997carbo 35 1495c doi 10 1016 s0008 6223 97 00100 0 external links edit robinson r j boudouard process for synthesis gas abc of alternative energy archived from the original on 21 january 2018 retrieved 12 july 2013 v t e topics in organic reactions addition reaction elimination reaction polymerization reagents rearrangement reaction redox reaction regioselectivity stereoselectivity stereospecificity substitution reaction a value alpha effect annulene anomeric effect antiaromaticity aromatic ring current aromaticity baird s rule baker nathan effect baldwin s rules bema hapothle beta silicon effect bicycloaromaticity bredt s rule bürgi dunitz angle catalytic resonance theory charge remote fragmentation charge transfer complex clar s rule conformational isomerism conjugated system conrotatory and disrotatory curtin hammett principle dynamic binding chemistry edwards equation effective molarity electromeric effect electron rich electron withdrawing group electronic effect electrophile evelyn effect flippin lodge angle free energy relationship grunwald winstein equation hammett acidity function hammett equation george s hammond hammond s postulate homoaromaticity hückel s rule hyperconjugation inductive effect kinetic isotope effect lfer solvent coefficients data page marcus theory markovnikov s rule möbius aromaticity möbius hückel concept more o ferrall jencks plot negative hyperconjugation neighbouring group participation 2 norbornyl cation nucleophile kennedy j p orton passive binding phosphaethynolate polar effect polyfluorene ring strain σ aromaticity spherical aromaticity spiroaromaticity steric effects superaromaticity swain lupton equation taft equation thorpe ingold effect vinylogy walsh diagram woodward hoffmann rules woodward s rules y aromaticity yukawa tsuno equation zaitsev s rule σ bishomoaromaticity list of organic reactions carbon carbon bond forming reactions acetoacetic ester synthesis acyloin condensation aldol condensation aldol reaction alkane metathesis alkyne metathesis alkyne trimerisation alkynylation allan robinson reaction arndt eistert reaction auwers synthesis aza baylis hillman reaction barbier reaction barton kellogg reaction baylis hillman reaction benary reaction bergman cyclization biginelli reaction bingel reaction blaise ketone synthesis blaise reaction blanc chloromethylation bodroux chichibabin aldehyde synthesis bouveault aldehyde synthesis bucherer bergs reaction buchner ring expansion cadiot chodkiewicz coupling carbonyl allylation carbonyl olefin metathesis castro stephens coupling chan rearrangement chan lam coupling claisen condensation claisen rearrangement claisen schmidt condensation combes quinoline synthesis corey fuchs reaction corey house synthesis coupling reaction cross coupling reaction cross dehydrogenative coupling cross coupling partner dakin west reaction darzens reaction diels alder reaction doebner reaction wulff dötz reaction ene reaction enyne metathesis ethenolysis favorskii reaction ferrier carbocyclization friedel crafts reaction fujimoto belleau reaction fujiwara moritani reaction fukuyama coupling gabriel colman rearrangement gattermann reaction glaser coupling grignard reaction grignard reagent hammick reaction heck reaction henry reaction heterogeneous metal catalyzed cross coupling high dilution principle hiyama coupling homologation reaction horner wadsworth emmons reaction hydrocyanation hydrovinylation hydroxymethylation ivanov reaction johnson corey chaykovsky reaction julia olefination julia kocienski olefination kauffmann olefination knoevenagel condensation knorr pyrrole synthesis kolbe schmitt reaction kowalski ester homologation kulinkovich reaction kumada coupling liebeskind srogl coupling malonic ester synthesis mannich reaction mcmurry reaction meerwein arylation methylenation michael reaction minisci reaction mizoroki heck vs reductive heck nef isocyanide reaction nef synthesis negishi coupling nierenstein reaction nitro mannich reaction nozaki hiyama kishi reaction olefin conversion technology olefin metathesis palladium nhc complex passerini reaction peterson olefination pfitzinger reaction piancatelli rearrangement pinacol coupling reaction prins reaction quelet reaction ramberg bäcklund reaction rauhut currier reaction reformatsky reaction reimer tiemann reaction rieche formylation ring closing metathesis robinson annulation sakurai reaction seyferth gilbert homologation shapiro reaction sonogashira coupling stetter reaction stille reaction stollé synthesis stork enamine alkylation suzuki reaction takai olefination thermal rearrangement of aromatic hydrocarbons thorpe reaction ugi reaction ullmann reaction wagner jauregg reaction weinreb ketone synthesis wittig reaction wurtz reaction wurtz fittig reaction zincke suhl reaction homologation reactions arndt eistert reaction hooker reaction kiliani fischer synthesis kowalski ester homologation methoxymethylenetriphenylphosphorane seyferth gilbert homologation wittig reaction olefination reactions bamford stevens reaction barton kellogg reaction boord olefin synthesis chugaev elimination cope reaction corey winter olefin synthesis dehydrohalogenation elimination reaction grieco elimination hofmann elimination horner wadsworth emmons reaction hydrazone iodination julia olefination julia kocienski olefination kauffmann olefination mcmurry reaction peterson olefination ramberg bäcklund reaction shapiro reaction takai olefination wittig reaction carbon heteroatom bond forming reactions azo coupling bartoli indole synthesis boudouard reaction cadogan sundberg indole synthesis diazonium compound esterification grignard reagent haloform reaction hegedus indole synthesis hurd mori 1 2 3 thiadiazole synthesis kharasch sosnovsky reaction knorr pyrrole synthesis leimgruber batcho indole synthesis mukaiyama hydration nenitzescu indole synthesis oxymercuration reaction reed reaction schotten baumann reaction ullmann condensation williamson ether synthesis yamaguchi esterification degradation reactions barbier wieland degradation bergmann degradation edman degradation emde degradation gallagher hollander degradation hofmann rearrangement hooker reaction isosaccharinic acid marker degradation ruff degradation strecker degradation von braun amide degradation weerman degradation wohl degradation organic redox reactions acyloin condensation adkins peterson reaction akabori amino acid reaction alcohol oxidation algar flynn oyamada reaction amide reduction andrussow process angeli rimini reaction aromatization autoxidation baeyer villiger oxidation barton mccombie deoxygenation bechamp reduction benkeser reaction bergmann degradation birch reduction bohn schmidt reaction bosch reaction bouveault blanc reduction boyland sims oxidation cannizzaro reaction carbonyl reduction clemmensen reduction collins oxidation corey itsuno reduction corey kim oxidation corey winter olefin synthesis criegee oxidation dakin oxidation davis oxidation deoxygenation dess martin oxidation dna oxidation elbs persulfate oxidation emde degradation eschweiler clarke reaction étard reaction fischer tropsch process fleming tamao oxidation fukuyama reduction ganem oxidation glycol cleavage griesbaum coozonolysis grundmann aldehyde synthesis haloform reaction hydrogenation hydrogenolysis hydroxylation jones oxidation kiliani fischer synthesis kolbe electrolysis kornblum oxidation kornblum delamare rearrangement leuckart reaction ley oxidation lindgren oxidation lipid peroxidation lombardo methylenation luche reduction markó lam deoxygenation mcfadyen stevens reaction meerwein ponndorf verley reduction methionine sulfoxide miyaura borylation mozingo reduction noyori asymmetric hydrogenation omega oxidation oppenauer oxidation oxygen rebound mechanism ozonolysis parikh doering oxidation pinnick oxidation prévost reaction reduction of nitro compounds reductive amination riley oxidation rosenmund reduction rubottom oxidation sabatier reaction sarett oxidation selenoxide elimination shapiro reaction sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation epoxidation of allylic alcohols sharpless epoxidation sharpless oxyamination stahl oxidation staudinger reaction stephen aldehyde synthesis swern oxidation transfer hydrogenation wacker process wharton reaction whiting reaction wohl aue reaction wolff kishner reduction wolffenstein böters reaction zinin reaction rearrangement reactions 1 2 rearrangement 1 2 wittig rearrangement 2 3 sigmatropic rearrangement 2 3 wittig rearrangement achmatowicz reaction alkyne zipper reaction allen millar trippett rearrangement allylic rearrangement alpha ketol rearrangement amadori rearrangement arndt eistert reaction aza cope rearrangement baker venkataraman rearrangement bamberger rearrangement banert cascade beckmann rearrangement benzilic acid rearrangement bergman cyclization bergmann degradation boekelheide reaction brook rearrangement buchner ring expansion carroll rearrangement chan rearrangement claisen rearrangement cope rearrangement corey fuchs reaction cornforth rearrangement criegee rearrangement curtius rearrangement demjanov rearrangement di π methane rearrangement dimroth rearrangement divinylcyclopropane cycloheptadiene rearrangement dowd beckwith ring expansion reaction electrocyclic reaction ene reaction enyne metathesis favorskii reaction favorskii rearrangement ferrier carbocyclization ferrier rearrangement fischer hepp rearrangement fries rearrangement fritsch buttenb...