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қазақша 한국어 кыргызча português română русский slovenčina українська tiếng việt 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia rapid fundamental political change from a feudal aristocracy to a capitalist democracy part of a series on revolution by characteristic bourgeois colour communist counter revolutionary democratic nonviolent passive permanent proletarian from above wave social methods boycott civil disorder civil war class struggle contentious politics coup d état demonstration human chain direct action guerrilla warfare insurgency mass mobilization mutiny protest rebellion resistance nonviolent civil disobedience riot samizdat strike action tax resistance terror examples english american brabant liège french haitian spanish american serbian greek 1820s 1830 july belgian texas 1848 italian states february german hungarian eureka bulgarian unification philippine iranian first second young turk mexican chinese xinhai communist cultural 1917 1923 russian german siamese spanish august guatemalan indonesian hungarian 1956 cuban rwandan nicaraguan carnation saur people power 1989 yogurt velvet romanian singing bolivarian bulldozer rose orange tulip kyrgyz arab spring tunisian egyptian yemeni euromaidan second arab spring sudanese gen z in asia bangladeshi nepali malagasy politics portal v t e bourgeois revolution is a term used in marxist theory to refer to a social revolution that aims to destroy a feudal system or its vestiges establish the rule of the bourgeoisie and create a capitalist state 1 2 in colonised or subjugated countries bourgeois revolutions often take the form of a war of national independence the dutch english american and french revolutions are considered the archetypal bourgeois revolutions 3 4 in that they attempted to clear away the remnants of the medieval feudal system so as to pave the way for the rise of capitalism 1 the term is usually used in contrast to proletarian revolution and is also sometimes called a bourgeois democratic revolution 5 6 theories of bourgeois revolution edit starting in the late 18th century the bildungsbürger educated bourgeoise class defined itself more on the basis of education than material possessions and thus great emphasis was laid upon the education of children according to one version of the two stage theory bourgeois revolution was asserted to be a necessary step in the move toward socialism as codified by georgi plekhanov 7 8 in this view countries that had preserved their feudal structure like the russian empire would have to establish capitalism via a bourgeois revolution before being able to wage a proletarian revolution 9 10 at the time of the russian revolution the mensheviks asserted this theory arguing that a revolution led by bourgeoisie was necessary to modernise society establish basic freedoms and overcome feudalism which would establish the conditions necessary for socialism 9 this view is prominent in marxist leninist analysis 11 12 verification needed political sociologist barrington moore jr identified the bourgeois revolution as one of three routes from pre industrial society to the modern world in which a capitalist mode of production is combined with liberal democracy moore identified the english french and american revolutions as examples of this route 13 historian neil davidson believes that neither the establishment of democracy or the end of feudal relations are defining characteristics of bourgeois revolutions but instead supports alex callinicos definition of bourgeois revolution as being those that establish an independent center of capital accumulation 6 14 15 charles post labels this analysis as consequentialism where there is no requirement of the prior development of capitalism or bourgeois class agency for bourgeois revolutions and that they are only defined by the effects of the revolutions to promote the development of capital accumulation 16 other theories describe the evolution of the bourgeoisie as not needing a revolution 17 the german bourgeoisie during the 1848 revolution did not strive to take command of the political effort and instead sided with the crown 18 19 davidson attributes their behaviour to the late development of capitalist relations and uses this as the model for the evolution of the bourgeoisie 20 left communists often view the revolutions leading to communist states in the 20th century as bourgeois revolutions 21 22 goals of the bourgeois revolution edit according to the marxist view the tasks of the bourgeois revolution include the creation of the nation state which can be constituted differently in different peoples 23 24 the constitution of the state on the basis of popular sovereignty the rule of law is based on a constitution 25 which is adopted by the people bourgeois rule 26 if possible in the form of a democratic republic 27 28 which already found its complement in tyranny in antiquity 29 the abolition of serfdom and the formation of free wage workers instead 30 31 the separation of producers from the means of production in primitive accumulation 32 the abolition of the guilds and freedom of investment 30 the free development of the productive forces until they are ripe for social revolution bourgeois revolutions in history edit bourgeois revolutions in the middle ages edit a loyalist customs official tarred and feathered by the sons of liberty during the american revolutionary war although with much less diffusion some social movements of the european late middle ages have also received the name of bourgeois revolution in which the bourgeoisie begins to define itself in the nascent cities as a social class examples include the ciompi revolt in the republic of florence jacquerie revolts during the hundred years war in france 33 and bourgeois revolts of sahagún es in spain 34 35 bourgeois revolutions in the early modern period edit the first wave of bourgeois revolutions are those that occurred within the early modern period and were typically marked by being driven from below by the petty bourgeoisie against absolutist governments 6 german peasants war 1524 1525 also labelled by later historians as an early attempt at a bourgeois revolution 36 eighty years war 1566 1648 also known as the dutch revolution 3 37 english revolution 1640 1660 3 4 6 american revolution 1765 1783 3 6 french revolution 1789 1799 38 3 irish rebellion of 1798 39 bourgeois revolutions in the late modern period edit 1911 battle at ta ping gate nanking during the 1911 revolution in a painting by t miyano the second wave of bourgeois revolutions are those that occurred within the late modern period and were typically marked by being led from above by the haute bourgeoisie 6 greek revolution 1821 1829 40 wallachian revolution 1821 41 july revolution 1830 42 revolutions of 1848 february revolution 1848 43 44 german revolutions of 1848 1849 45 revolutions of 1848 in the italian states 46 44 hungarian revolution of 1848 46 47 moldavian revolution of 1848 48 wallachian revolution of 1848 49 risorgimento 1848 1871 50 unification of germany 1866 1871 50 american civil war 1861 1865 51 japanese revolution 1868 1869 52 50 philippine revolution 1896 1898 53 1905 russian revolution 1905 1907 54 6 persian constitutional revolution 1905 1911 55 young turk revolution 1908 56 chinese revolution of 1911 1911 1912 57 6 58 mexican revolution 1910 1917 59 february revolution 1917 also called a bourgeois democratic revolution in soviet historiography 60 61 chinese revolution 1925 1953 62 21 63 bourgeois revolutions in the contemporary period edit the leader of albania and communist political theorist enver hoxha writing in 1984 described the then recent iranian revolution 1978 1979 as a bourgeois revolution 64 references edit 1 2 bourgeois revolution thefreedictionary com archived from the original on 21 september 2022 retrieved 6 november 2018 johnson walker gray 2014 p 118 calvert 1990 pp 9 10 hobsbawm 1989 pp 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 eisenstein 2010 p 64 quoted in davidson 2012b pp 381 382 from society to politics from event to process 1 2 callinicos 1989 pp 113 171 wilczynski 1981 p 48 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 davidson 2012a post 2019 pp 157 158 plekhanov 1949 1 2 stagism encyclopedia of marxism archived from the original on 1 december 2017 retrieved 6 november 2018 via marxists internet archive lane david 22 april 2020 revisiting lenin s theory of socialist revolution on the 150th anniversary of his birth european politics and policy london school of economics archived from the original on 3 may 2020 caputo 2022 cervelli 1976 pp 154 155 calvert 1990 pp 53 55 gluckstein 2013 post 2019 pp 160 161 166 167 post 2019 pp 160 161 blackbourn david 1984 economy and society a silent bourgeois revolution the peculiarities of german history pp 176 205 doi 10 1093 acprof oso 9780198730583 003 0012 isbn 0 19 873058 6 archived from the original on 21 february 2023 in blackbourn eley 1984 hallas 1988 pp 17 20 klíma 1986 pp 93 94 calvert 1990 pp 53 55 blackbourn david 1984 economy and society the shadow side the peculiarities of german history pp 206 237 doi 10 1093 acprof oso 9780198730583 003 0013 isbn 0 19 873058 6 archived from the original on 21 february 2023 in blackbourn eley 1984 davidson 2012b p 144 marx and engels 2 1847 52 in a world where most states have not yet experienced bourgeois revolutions where most are even more economically underdeveloped than germany they too will give rise to belated bourgeoisies the implication being that it is germany rather than france that represents the likely pattern of bourgeois development 1 2 china the bourgeois revolution has been accomplished the proletarian revolution remains to be made communist program 3 may 1977 archived from the original on 10 october 2023 via international library of the communist left post 2019 pp 164 165 marx engels 1956 8 p 197 marx engels 1956 16 p 157 marx engels 1956 37 p 463 marx engels 1956 8 p 196 marx engels 1956 22 pp 235 236 elsenhans hartmut 2012 democratic revolution bourgeois revolution arab revolution the political economy of a possible success naqd 29 1 51 60 doi 10 3917 naqd 029 0051 archived from the original on 13 april 2023 marx engels 1956 17 p 337 1 2 marx engels 1956 17 p 592 heller 2006 introduction pp 2 4 marx engels 1956 23 pp 741 761 mollat wolff 1970 pastor de togneri 1973 martín josé luis historia de españa history of spain a society at war historia 16 in spanish vol 4 una sociedad en guerra bak janos 2022 1976 the peasant war in germany by friedrich engels 125 years later in bak janos ed the german peasant war of 1525 routledge pp 93 99 doi 10 4324 9781003190950 isbn 978 1 00 319095 0 s2cid 241881702 hallas 1988 pp 17 20 heller 2006 preface p ix callinicos 1989 pp 113 171 sewell 1994 introduction pp 22 23 faulkner neil 24 october 2011 a marxist history of the world part 49 the french revolution themidor directory and napoleon counterfire archived from the original on 21 december 2023 lutsky vladimir 1969 vii the conquest of the east sudan by mohammed ali the expedition to morea modern history of the arab countries via marxists internet archive keçeci serkan march 2026 between empire and reform ştirbei s memorandum on the administration of wallachia in 1827 sosyal bilimler dergisi 2026 1 eskişehir osmangazi university 406 418 retrieved 8 may 2026 modern world history writing group 1973a p 172 modern world history writing group 1973a p 233 1 2 klíma 1986 pp 74 75 modern world history writing group 1973a p 255 callinicos 1989 pp 113 171 hallas 1988 pp 17 20 klíma 1986 pp 74 75 1 2 modern world history writing group 1973a klíma 1986 p 77 romînaşu radu ardelean laura 2020 history politics and literature in 1848 in the romanian space pdf transylvanian review xxix 1 181 192 retrieved 8 may 2026 morris james 2021 locating the wallachian revolution of 1848 the historical journal 64 3 cambridge university press 606 662 doi 10 17863 cam 56472 1 2 3 post 2019 pp 165 166 faulkner neil 8 january 2012 a marxist history of the world part 57 the american civil war counterfire archived from the original on 21 december 2023 faulkner neil 18 january 2012 a marxist history of the world part 58 the meiji restoration counterfire archived from the original on 21 december 2023 modern world history writing group 1973b p 150 modern world history writing group 1973b p 130 modern world history writing group 1973b p 152 modern world history writing group 1973b p 160 zhang yuchun ma zhenwen 1976 简明中国近代史 a concise modern history of china in chinese liaoning people s publishing house p 301 chun 2025 p 427 modern world history writing group 1973b p 224 commission of the central committee of the cpsu b ed 1938 istoriya vsesoyuznoy kommunisticheskoy partii bol shevikov kratkiy kurs история всесоюзной коммунистической партии большевиков краткий курс history of the all union communist party bolsheviks short course in russian archived from the original on 12 april 2023 genkina esfir borisovna in russian 1927 pokrovsky mikhail nikolaevich in russian ed fevral skiy perevorot ocherki po istorii oktyabr skoy revolyutsii февральский переворот очерки по истории октябрьской революции the february coup essays on the history of the october revolution in russian vol 2 post 2019 pp 160 163 chun 2025 p 431 hoxha enver 1984 reflections on the middle east pdf pp 254 265 266 via marxists internet archive 254 from information we receive and the reports of news agencies which i read regularly it is clear that regardless of the islamic slogans which are used to show that the religious spirit is allegedly predominant in it the iranian revolution is an anti feudal and anti imperialist popular revolution 265 266 the control of the situation has not slipped out of khomeini s hands but with the overthrow of the monarchy of the pahlavis with the liquidation of this mediaeval monarchy the evolution in iran has brought to the fore elements more organized more radical more progressive than khomeini elements who are operating for a democratic bourgeois iran with considerable rights but we shall see to what extent they will achieve this aim bibliography edit blackbourn david eley geoff eds 12 december 1984 the peculiarities of german history bourgeois society and politics in nineteenth century germany oxford university press doi 10 1093 acprof oso 9780198730583 001 0001 isbn 9780191694943 archived from the original on 13 april 2023 callinicos alex summer 1989 bourgeois revolutions and historical materialism international socialism 2 43 113 171 archived from the original on 16 august 2021 via marxists internet archive calvert peter 1990 revolution and counter revolution concep...