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the 4th century ad but are still distinguished in bai 29 30 several words with old chinese ts which developed to j with the departing tone in middle chinese produce tonal reflexes in bai corresponding to an original stop coda 31 sergei starostin suggests that these facts indicate a split from mainstream chinese around the 2nd century bc corresponding to the western han period 32 33 wang argues that a few of the correspondences between his reconstructed proto bai and old chinese cannot be explained by the old chinese forms and that chinese and bai therefore form a sino bai group 34 however gong suggests that at least some of these cases can be accounted for by refining the proto bai reconstruction to take account of complementary distribution within bai 35 starostin and zhengzhang shangfang have separately argued that the oldest chinese layer accounts for all but an insignificant residue of bai vocabulary and that bai is therefore an early branching from chinese 30 on the other hand lee and sagart 1998 argued that the various layers of chinese vocabulary are loans and that when they are removed a significant non chinese residue remains including 15 entries from the 100 word swadesh list of basic vocabulary they suggest that this residue shows similarities with proto loloish 36 james matisoff 2001 argued that the comparison with loloish is less persuasive when considering other bai varieties than the jianchuan dialect used by lee and sagart and that it is safer to consider bai as an independent branch of sino tibetan though perhaps close to the neighbouring loloish 37 lee and sagart 2008 refined their analysis presenting the residue as a non chinese form of sino tibetan though not necessarily loloish they also note that this residue includes the bai vocabulary relating to pig rearing and rice agriculture 38 lee and sagart s analysis has been further discussed by list 2009 39 gong 2015 suggests that the residual layer may be qiangic pointing out that the bai like the qiang call themselves white whereas the lolo use black 22 phonology edit the jianchuan dialect has the following consonants all of which are restricted to syllable initial position 40 labial alveolar palatal velar stop unaspirated p t k aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ affricate unaspirated ts tɕ aspirated tsʰ tɕʰ fricative voiceless f s ɕ x voiced v ɣ nasal m n ŋ approximant l j the gongxing and tuolou dialects retain an older 3 way distinction for stop and affricate initials between voiceless unaspirated voiceless aspirated and voiced in the core eastern group including the standard form of dali the voiced initials have become voiceless unaspirated while other dialects show partial loss of voicing conditioned by tone in different ways 41 some varieties also have an additional uvular nasal ɴ that contrasts phonemically with ŋ 42 jianchuan finals comprise 40 jianchuan bai vowels front back close i ɯ u close mid e o open mid ɛ open ɑ syllabic v̩ diphthongs ɑo iɛ iɑ io iɯ ui uɛ uɑ triphthong iɑo all but u ɑo and iɑo have contrasting nasalized variants dali bai lacks nasal vowels 40 some other varieties retain nasal codas instead of nasalization though only the gongxing and tuolou dialects have a contrast between n and ŋ 43 jianchuan has eight tones which divided between those with modal and non modal phonation 44 some of the western varieties have fewer tones 45 syntax edit bai has a basic subject verb object svo order however sov can be found in interrogative and negative sentences writing system edit bowen script edit shanhua tablet 山花碑 written in bowen script bowen script chinese 僰文 pinyin bówén also known as square bai script chinese 方块白文 hanzi bai script simplified chinese 汉字白文 traditional chinese 漢字白文 hanzi style bai script simplified chinese 汉字型白文 traditional chinese 漢字型白文 or ancient bai script chinese 古白文 was a logographic script formerly used by the bai people adapted from hanzi to fit the bai language 46 the script was used from the nanzhao period to the beginning of the ming dynasty 47 the shanhua tablet 山花碑 from dali town in yunnan contains a poem written using bowen text from the ming dynasty by the bai poet yang fu 杨黼 48 詞記山花 詠蒼洱境 49 latin script edit the old bai script used modified chinese characters but was not widely used 50 a new script based on the latin alphabet was designed in 1958 based on the speech of the urban centre of xiaguan even though it was not a typical southern dialect 51 the idea of romanization was controversial among bai elites and the system saw little use 52 in a renewed attempt in 1982 language planners used the jianchuan dialect as a base because it represented an area with a significant population almost all of whom spoke bai the new script was popular in the jianchuan area but was rejected in the more economically advanced area of dali which also had the largest number of speakers albeit living alongside a large number of speakers of chinese 53 54 the script was revised extensively in 1993 to define two variants representing jianchuan and dali respectively and has since been more widely used 55 56 57 initials of the bai writing system 1982 1993 58 labial alveolar retroflex palatal velar stop unaspirated b p d t g k aspirated p pʰ t tʰ k kʰ nasal m m n n ni ɲ ng ŋ affricate unaspirated z ts zh ʈʂ j tɕ aspirated c tsʰ ch ʈʂʰ q tɕʰ fricative voiceless f f s s sh ʂ x ɕ h x voiced v v ss z r ʐ hh ɣ lateral and semivowel l l y j the retroflex initials zh ch sh and r are used only in recent loanwords from standard chinese or for other bai varieties 59 vowels of the revised bai writing system 1993 59 i i ei e ai er ɛ əɹ a ɑ ao ɔ o o ou ou u u e ɯ v v̩ iai ier iɛ iəɹ ia iɑ iao iao io io iou iou ie iɯ u ui uai uer uɛ uəɹ ua uɑ uo uo the 1993 revision introduced variants ai er etc with the former to be used for jianchuan bai and the latter for dali bai 60 in jianchuan all vowels but ao iao uo ou and iou have nasalized counterparts denoted by a suffixed n 59 dali bai lacks nasalized vowels 40 suffixed letters indicate tone contours and modal or non modal phonation 59 61 this was the most radical aspect of the 1993 revision tone marking in the 1982 and 1993 systems 62 pitch contour and phonation 1982 spelling 1993 spelling notes high level 55 modal l l mid level 33 modal x x mid falling 31 breathy t t mid rising 35 modal f f mid low falling 21 harsh unmarked d high level 55 tense rl b jianchuan only mid high level 44 tense rx unmarked mid high falling 42 tense rt p mid falling 32 modal p z distinguished in dali only examples edit nge no i ne no you cai ho red flower gei bo rooster a de gei bo a rooster ne mian e ain hain what s your name ngo mian e a lu gai my name is a lu gai ngo ze ne san se yin a biu i don t recognize you ngo ye can i m eating ne can ye la ma have you eaten ne ze a ma yin who are you ne ze nge mo a bio you are not my mother ngo zei pi ne gan i m taller than you ne nge no hha si bei you won t let me go notes edit up to the 16th edition of ethnologue 2009 the iso 639 3 code lay was assigned to lama myanmar listed in the index of languages by c f voegelin and f m voegelin 1977 as a nungish language of myanmar in 2013 the reference name for the code was changed to bai lama 9 references edit gladney dru c 1996 muslim chinese ethnic nationalism in the people s republic 2 ed harvard univ asia center p 33 isbn 0 674 59497 5 1st edition appeared in 1991 central bai jianchuan dialect at ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required southern bai dali dialect at ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required panyi bai at ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required lama bai at ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required ramsey 1987 p 290 wang 2006 p 115 allen 2007 p 6 bradley 2007 pp 363 393 394 1 2 wang 2006 p 31 johnson eric 2013 change request documentation 2013 006 iso 639 3 registration authority 1 2 johnson eric 2013 change request documentation 2013 007 iso 639 3 registration authority wang feng 汪锋 2012 语言接触与语言比较 以白语为例 language contact and language comparison the case of bai in chinese beijing 商务印书馆 pp 92 94 wang feng 王锋 2012 昆明西山沙朗白语研究 a study of the bai language of shalang in chinese beijing 中国社会科学出版社 五华区沙朗乡大村村委会西村 ynszxc gov cn in chinese archived from the original on 2016 10 10 retrieved 2016 10 09 norman 2003 pp 73 75 ramsey 1987 p 291 wang 2005 pp 102 107 norman 2003 p 73 wang 2005 pp 109 116 lee sagart 2008 pp 7 8 10 12 13 starostin 1995 pp 3 4 starostin 1995 p 4 wang 2006 pp 205 211 1 2 gong 2015 p 2 wang 2006 pp 131 144 gong 2015 p 11 starostin 1995 p 3 wang 2006 p 133 gong 2015 p 9 starostin 1995 pp 4 5 starostin 1995 p 12 1 2 wang 2005 pp 110 111 starostin 1995 p 2 starostin 1995 pp 2 17 wang 2005 p 110 wang 2006 pp 165 171 gong 2015 pp 4 7 lee sagart 1998 matisoff 2001 p 39 lee sagart 2008 list 2009 1 2 3 4 wiersma 2003 p 655 wang 2006 pp 58 72 allen 2007 wang 2006 pp 32 44 74 wiersma 2003 pp 655 658 wang 2006 pp 32 44 方块白文简介及字符集 in chinese 中国少数民族文字数据库 retrieved 2008 11 18 cite web cs1 maint deprecated archival service link zhao yansun 赵衍荪 1987 白文 中国民族古文字 中国民族古文字 in chinese permanent dead link xu lin 徐琳 zhao yansun 赵衍荪 1980 白文 山花碑 释读 民族语文 in chinese 3 50 57 yang zhengye 杨政业 april 1997 论 白 僰 文 的形态演化及其使用范围 大理学院学报 社会科学版 in chinese 4 archived from the original on 2019 06 06 retrieved 2008 11 18 wang 2004 pp 278 279 zhou 2012 pp 271 273 zhou 2012 p 110 zhou 2012 p 273 wiersma 2003 pp 653 654 zhou 2012 pp 273 274 wiersma 2003 p 654 wang 2004 p 279 zhou 2012 pp 146 272 1 2 3 4 zhou 2012 p 272 zhou 2012 pp 272 273 wiersma 1990 p 58 wiersma 2003 p 659 works cited allen bryan 2007 bai dialect survey pdf report sil electronic survey report vol 2007 012 sil international archived from the original pdf on 2017 03 29 retrieved 2015 01 30 bradley david 2007 east and southeast asia in moseley christopher ed encyclopedia of the world s endangered languages routledge pp 349 422 isbn 978 0 7007 1197 0 gong xun 2015 how old is the chinese in bái reexamining sino bái under the baxter sagart reconstruction pdf recent advances in old chinese historical phonology workshop london soas archived from the original pdf on 2021 03 05 retrieved 2018 01 03 lee yeon ju sagart laurent 1998 the strata of bai 31st icstll university of lund sweden 2008 no limits to borrowing the case of bai and chinese diachronica 25 3 357 385 doi 10 1075 dia 25 3 03yeo list johann mattis 2009 how basic is basic vocabulary the problematic case of bai pdf evolution and classification in biology linguistics and the history of science heinrich heine university june 11 12 2009 matisoff james a 2001 on the genetic position of bai within tibeto burman pdf 34th international conference on sino tibetan languages and linguistics yunnan minzu xueyuan norman jerry 2003 the chinese dialects phonology in thurgood graham lapolla randy j eds the sino tibetan languages routledge pp 72 83 isbn 978 0 7007 1129 1 ramsey s robert 1987 the languages of china princeton university press isbn 978 0 691 01468 5 starostin sergej 1995 the historical position of bai pdf moskovskij lingvisticheskij zhurnal 1 174 190 archived from the original pdf on 18 july 2014 wang feng 2004 language policy for bai in zhou minglang ed language policy in the people s republic of china theory and practice since 1949 kluwer academic publishers pp 278 287 isbn 978 1 4020 8038 8 2005 on the genetic position of the bai language cahiers de linguistique asie orientale 34 1 101 127 doi 10 3406 clao 2005 1728 2006 comparison of languages in contact the distillation method and the case of bai language and linguistics monograph series b frontiers in linguistics iii taipei institute of linguistics academia sinica isbn 978 986 00 5228 2 archived from the original on 2021 07 30 retrieved 2018 04 06 wiersma grace claire 1990 a study of the bai minjia language along historical lines phd thesis university of california at berkeley oclc 31052150 2003 yunnan bai in thurgood graham lapolla randy j eds the sino tibetan languages routledge pp 651 673 isbn 978 0 7007 1129 1 zhou minglang 2012 multilingualism in china the politics of writing reforms for minority languages 1949 2002 de gruyter isbn 978 3 11 092459 6 further reading edit allen bryan and zhang xia 2004 bai dialect survey yunnan nationalities publishing house isbn 7 5367 2967 7 cldf dataset at zenodo doi 10 5281 zenodo 3534931 edmondson jerold a li shaoni voice quality and voice quality change in the bai language of yunnan province pdf linguistics of the tibeto burman area 17 2 49 68 wāng fēng 2013 báiyǔ yǔ báizú de liúbiàn duōjiǎodù jiéhé de shìyě 白語與白族的流變 多角度結合的視野 in fēng shí and gāng péng editors dàjiāng dōngqù wāng shìyuán jiàoshòu bāshísuì hèshòu wénjí 大江東去 王士元教授八十歲賀壽文集 city university of hong kong press xú lín and yǎnsūn zhào 1984 báiyǔ jiǎnzhì 白语简志 mínzú chūbǎnshè yuán míngjūn 2006 hànbáiyǔ diàochá yánjiū 汉白语调查研究 zhōngguó wénshǐ chūbǎnshè zhào yǎnsūn and lín xú 1996 bái hàn cídiǎn 白汉词典 sìchuān mínzú chūbǎnshè dali prefecture bai cultural studies editorical committee 大理白族自治洲白族文化研究所编 2008 dali series bai language vol 3 vocabulary of the dialects of the bai people 大理丛书 白语篇 卷3 白族方言词汇 kunming yunnan people s press 云南民族出版社 isbn 9787536738799 contains word lists of 33 bai language datapoints external links edit central bai test of wikipedia at wikimedia incubator bai basic lexicon at the global lexicostatistical database v t e bai language dali jianchuan bijiang lama macro bai languages sinitic languages v t e languages of china official standard chinese varieties of chinese danzhou mandarin northeastern beijing ji lu jiao liao zhongyuan lan yin jin southwestern sichuanese southeastern gan hakka hui mai min southern hokkien teoswa hainanese eastern puxian central northern shaojiang pinghua shaozhou tuhua shanke wu chu qu jiangshan qingtian quzhou oujiang taihu jinxiang northwestern changzhou hangzhou northern zhejiang ningbo shaoxing su jia hu shanghainese suzhou wuxi taizhou taizhou proper wuzhou jinhua xuanzhou xiang new old yue cantonese regional ars sars cantonese hk mc english hk mongolian nm portuguese mc tibetan xz uyghur xj zhuang gx prefecture hmong kam bouyei tujia korean qiang yi kyrgyz kazakh tai nüa tai lü zaiwa lisu bai hani zhuang counties banners numerous indigenous sino tibetan languages lolo burmese mondzish kathu maang manga mango maza mondzi muangphe burmish achang chashan lashi lhao vo pela xiandao zaiwa loloish hanoish akeu akha amu angluo asuo baihong bisu budu bukong cosao duoni duota enu habei hani honi jino kabie kaduo lami laomian laopin mpi muda nuobi nuomei phana piyo qidi sadu sangkong suobi tsukong woni yiche lisoish eka hlersu kua nsi kuamasi laizisi lalo lamu lavu lawu limi lipo lisu lolopo mangdi micha mili sonaga toloza xuzhang yangliu zibusi nisoish alingpo alugu aluo axi azha azhe bokha gepo khlula lope moji muji muzi nasu nisu nuosu phala phola phowa phukha phuma phupa phupha phuza samei sani thopho zokhuo other gokhy katso kucong lahu naruo namuyi naxi nusu samu sanie zauzou qiangic baima choyo ersu guiqiong horpa japhug khrosky...