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anas yoga vasistha swara yoga shiva samhita gheranda samhita panchadasi vedantasara stotra timeline timeline of hindu texts v t e the brahma purana sanskrit ब्रह्मपुराण or ब्राह्मपुराण brahma purana is one of the eighteen major puranas collections of hindu texts in sanskrit 1 it is listed as the first mahapurana in all anthologies and is therefore also called adi purana 1 2 while the saura purana a subsidiary text or upapurana claims to be a supplement khila to this work the brahma purana itself is recognized as the foundational text in standard mahapurana lists alongside core puranic themes such as cosmogony dynastic genealogies and dharma a substantial portion of teh text consists of tīrtha māhātmyas sacred geographic literature celebrating pilgrimage sites and historic locations sacred water bodies and temples dedicated to vishnu shiva and devi among others 3 4 history edit the brahma purana holds an established place as a mahapurana however scholars debate whether the current version of the brahma purana is the original mahapurana or a later upapurana secondary purana r c hazra through textual analysis argues that the current version is not the original brahma purana but a later compilation that shared the same name 5 hazra s conclusion stems from his examination of quotations made by classical nibandha writers who frequently quoted verses of the brahma purana which cannot be found in the present text this suggests that the current version may have replaced or is being conflated with an earlier now lost version of the brahma purana hazra believes the extant text was compiled no earlier than the 10th century ad integrating material from other puranas and epics such as the vishnu purana markandeya purana vayu purana and the mahabharata 5 in contrast surabhi trivedi author of the brahma purana critical study argues that the brahma purana meets all traditional criteria for a mahapurana which are known as the five characteristics or pancha lakshana pañcalakṣaṇa trivedi argues that there is no compelling reason to downgrade it to an upapurana given the text s adherence to the established structure and content of a mahapurana 6 other scholars including moriz winternitz and bibek debroy hold that while the extant brahma purana is likely not the original composition it contains elements that can be traced to the older one debroy who authored the two volume brahma purana in english published by penguin agrees with hazra s analysis of the purana corpus but cautions against making the deduction that the brahma purana is copied from other texts since the various texts could have had a common origin there are elements of the brahma purana that according to debroy are likely dated to a range of 1500 ce and read like sthala puranas which glorify a specific location or region rather than a mahapurana 7 since it mentions the existence of the konark sun temple built in 1241 most of the chapter on pilgrimage sites in orissa couldn t have been written before the 13th century 8 9 10 however debroy does not put much weight upon such dating assumptions since it is difficult to confirm whether the temple referenced in the text is indeed the one constructed in the mid 13th century by narasimhadeva i of the ganga dynasty debroy suggests it is plausible that an earlier sun temple existed at the site which was superseded in fame by the new temple or the old temple was itself rebuilt by narasimhadeva i 11 the surviving manuscripts comprise 245 chapters 2 it is divided into two parts the purvabhaga former part and the uttarabhaga latter part 12 sohnen and schreiner published a summary of the brahma purana in 1989 13 14 content edit the brahma purana dedicates a majority of its chapters to describing the geography temples and scenes around the godavari river and of odisha 5 a defining characteristic of the brahma purana is its extensive focus on sacred geography kṣetra and tīrtha particularly across godavari river basin the coastal region of odisha regions around chambal tributaries 15 rather than promoting an exclusive sectarian theology these sections present a synthetic framework honoring sites associated with vishnu particularly jagannatha at puri shiva surya including the konark region and the goddess devi 16 17 the coverage of jagannath krishna vishnu related temples however is larger than the other three 18 leading scholars to the hypothesis that the authors of extant manuscripts may have been authors belonging to vaishnavism 2 19 its presentation of the konark sun temple is notable 1 the text also describes the seven continents sapta dvipa and sub continents of the world though some other land mass are not mentioned those which are mentioned are called 20 jambu it is the central one of the seven continents surrounding the mountain meru so called either from the jambu trees abounding in it or from an enormous jambu tree on mount meru visible like a standard to the whole continent sec s m ali op cit chapters v vii on jambudvipa saka can be identified with malaya siam indo china and southern china or the south eastern corner of the land mass of which jambudvipa occupied the centre kusa contains iran iraq and the south western corner of the land mass round meru plaksa identified with the basin of mediterranean since plaksa or the pakhara tree is the characteristic of warm temperate or mediterranean lands identifiable with greece and adjoining lands puskara covers the whole of japan manchuria and the south eastern siberia salmala the tropical part of africa bordering the indian ocean on the west it includes madagascar which is the hariṇa of the puranas and the samkhadvipa of some other writers who write similar scriptures kraunca represents by the basin of the black sea upadvipas sub continents 1 bharata 2 kimpurusa 3 harivarsa 4 ramyaka 5 hiranmaya 6 uttarakuru 7 ilavrta 8 bhadrasva and 9 ketumala according to p e p 342 there are eight long mountain ranges which divide the island jambu into 9 countries which look like nine petals of the lotus flower the two countries of the north and south extremities bhadra and ketumala are in a bow shape the four of the remaining seven are longer than the rest the central country is known as ilavrta out of 245 chapters 18 chapters of the brahma purana cover cosmology mythology genealogy manvantara cosmic time cycles and topics that are required to make a text belong to the puranic genre of literature other chapters cover sanskara a summary of dharmasastra its theories on the geography of earth a summary of the samkhya and yoga theories of hindu philosophy and other topics 1 12 the textual corpus associated with the brahma purana also includes affiliated works most notably the saura purana although the printed 245 chapters of the brahma purana primarily emphasize smarta rituals cosmogony holy sanctuatires and water bodies the distinct saura purana describes itself as a supplement to it chapters 38 40 of that supplementary work contain critical passages disputing the dualist dvaita vedanta philosophy of madhvacharya 21 22 within the brahma purana itself philosophical chapters define elements of classical sankhya and yoga with advaitic principles portraying both vishnu and shiva as manifestations of the ultimate reality brahman 23 the padma purana categorizes brahma purana as a rajas purana associating it with brahma and the cosmic principle of creation 24 early colonial era commentators like h h wilson dismissed this tripartite guna classification as artificial arguing that surviving manuscripts contain substantial vaishnava shaiva and saura material rather than focussing exclusively on brahma 25 26 however modern scholars and traditional commentators point out that this designation aligns with the classical pancha lakshana pañcalakṣaṇa framework the five traditional characteristics of a mahapurana comprising sarga primary creation pratisarga secondary creation dissolution vaṃśa genealogies manvantara cosmic epochs and vaṃśānucarita dynastic histories 27 the brahma purana preserves these foundational topics in its opening 18 chapters and genelogical sections framed as a discourse narrated by brahma to daksha this explains its traditional classification under rajas and its designation as the adi first or primordial purana 28 29 the manuscripts of travel guide to godavari river region from this purana is found as a separate text and is called gautami mahatmya or godavari mahatmya while the one corresponding to rajasthan region is called brahmottara purana 1 30 the tradition and other puranas assert the brahma purana had 10 000 verses but the surviving manuscripts contain between 7 000 and 8 000 verses exclusive of the brahmottara purana supplement which adds between 2 000 and 3 000 verses depending on different versions of the same text 31 see also edit brahma bhagavata purana vishnu purana shiva purana markandeya purana gudhi padwa notes edit references edit 1 2 3 4 5 dalal 2014 p 80 sfn error multiple targets 2 citerefdalal2014 help 1 2 3 rocher 1986 p 155 sfn error multiple targets 6 citerefrocher1986 help rocher ludo 1986 the purāṇas otto harrassowitz verlag pp 154 156 220 221 isbn 978 3 447 02522 5 hazra rajendra chandra 1940 studies in the puranic records on hindu rites and customs motilal banarsidass 1987 reprint pp 145 156 isbn 978 81 208 0422 7 cite book isbn date incompatibility help 1 2 3 hazra 1940 pp 145 156 sfn error multiple targets 3 citerefhazra1940 help trivedi surabhi h 1960 brahma purana a critical study volume 1 maharaja sayajirao university of baroda research supervised by g h bhatt topics covered include brahma purana marriage family social and economic contexts mythology religion and philosophy pagination iv 837p debroy bibek may 1 2022 brahma purana volume 1 india penguin classics pp 55 57 isbn 978 0143454892 gietz 1992 p 530 with note 2945 wilson 1864 p xxvii xxix sfn error multiple targets 3 citerefwilson1864 help winternitz 1922 pp 511 512 debroy bibek may 1 2022 brahma purana volume 1 india penguin classics pp 57 58 isbn 978 0143454892 1 2 rocher 1986 pp 154 156 sfn error multiple targets 6 citerefrocher1986 help bailey 2003 p 146 söhnen schreiner 1989 rocher ludo 1986 the purāṇas otto harrassowitz verlag pp 155 156 isbn 978 3 447 02522 5 dalal roshen 2014 hinduism an alphabetical guide penguin books p 80 isbn 978 8184752779 hazra rajendra chandra 1940 studies in the puranic records on hindu rites and customs motilal banarsidass 1987 reprint pp 148 152 isbn 978 81 208 0422 7 cite book isbn date incompatibility help chakraborty yogabrata 28 june 2023 পুরীধাম ও জগন্নাথদেবের ব্রহ্মরূপ বৃত্তান্ত puridham and the tale of lord jagannath s legendary bramharup dainikstatesmannews com in bengali kolkata dainik statesman the statesman group p 4 archived from the original on 28 june 2023 retrieved 28 june 2023 cite web cs1 maint bot original url status unknown link wilson 1864 p xxviii xxix sfn error multiple targets 3 citerefwilson1864 help www wisdomlib org 2018 03 17 seven continents sapta dvipa chapter 16 www wisdomlib org archived from the original on 2021 10 18 retrieved 2021 10 18 rocher ludo 1986 the purāṇas otto harrassowitz verlag pp 220 221 isbn 978 3 447 02522 5 winternitz maurice 1981 history of indian literature vol 1 motilal banarsidass p 512 isbn 978 8120802643 cite book last söhnen first renate last2 schreiner first2 peter title brahmapurāṇa summary of contents year 1989 publisher otto harrassowitz verlag pages xxii xxiv isbn 978 3 447 02960 5 wilson h h 1864 the vishnu purana a system of hindu mythology and tradition vol 1 p 12 wilson h h 1864 the vishnu purana a system of hindu mythology and tradition vol 1 p xxvii xxix rocher ludo 1986 the purāṇas otto harrassowitz verlag p 21 isbn 978 3 447 02522 5 rocher ludo 1986 the purāṇas otto harrassowitz verlag pp 24 29 154 isbn 978 3 447 02522 5 trivedi surabhi h 1960 brahma purana a critical study maharaja sayajirao university of baroda pp 24 38 debroy bibek 2022 brahma purana volume 1 penguin classics india pp xxiii xxvi isbn 978 0143454892 rocher 1986 pp 155 156 sfn error multiple targets 6 citerefrocher1986 help wilson 1864 p xxvii sfn error multiple targets 3 citerefwilson1864 help bibliography edit bailey gregory 2003 sharma arvind ed the study of hinduism university of south carolina press isbn 978 1 57003 449 7 dalal rosen 2014 hinduism an alphabetical guide penguin isbn 978 8184752779 gietz k p et al 1992 epic and puranic bibliography up to 1985 annotated and with indexes part i a r part ii s z indexes otto harrassowitz verlag isbn 978 3 447 03028 1 glucklich ariel 2008 the strides of vishnu hindu culture in historical perspective hindu culture in historical perspective oxford university press isbn 978 0 19 971825 2 hazra rajendra chandra 1940 studies in the puranic records on hindu rites and customs motilal banarsidass 1987 reprint isbn 978 81 208 0422 7 cite book isbn date incompatibility help jahn w 1900 das saurapuranam ein kompendium spaetindischer kulturgeschichte und des sivaismus in german strassburg walter de gruyter isbn 978 3111154480 cite book isbn date incompatibility help rocher ludo 1986 the purāṇas wiesbaden otto harrassowitz verlag isbn 978 3447025225 söhnen renate schreiner peter 1989 brahmapurāṇa otto harrassowitz verlag isbn 978 3 447 02960 5 wilson h h 1864 the vishnu purana a system of hindu mythology and tradition volume 1 introduction book i read country books reprinted in 2006 isbn 1 84664 664 2 cite book isbn date incompatibility help winternitz maurice 1922 history of indian literature vol 1 original in german translated into english by vs sarma 1981 new delhi motilal banarsidass reprint 2010 isbn 978 8120802643 cite book isbn date incompatibility help external links edit the brahma purana english translation by g p bhatt 1955 includes glossary brahma puran sanskrit manuscript archived by sanskritdocuments org brahma purana sanskrit iast translit sarit initiative the british association for south asian studies and the british academy brahma puran sanskrit english hindi bengali and telugu v t e puranas mahapurana brahma brahmanda brahma vaivarta markendeya bhavishya vamana vishnu bhagavata naradiya garuda padma varaha vayu linga skanda agni matsya kurma shiva upapurana brihaddharma sanat kumara purana ganesha kalki kalika kapila mudgala narasimha samba saura shivarahasya vishnudharmottara v t e jagannath worship deities jagannath balabhadra subhadra sudarshana chakra temples odisha puri gundicha baripada gunupur koraput nayagarh bhubaneswar kendrapara chhatia bata dharakote patali srikhetra barbil rest of india agartala ahmedabad alwar bangalore chennai delhi dibrugarh digha hajo hyderabad ranchi medinipur mahesh abroad comilla dhamrai pabna south africa sialkot festivals chandan yatra dola yatra panchaka nabakalebara 2015 rath yatra snana yatra besha suna besha texts bhagavata purana brahma purana gita govinda kapila purana madala panji skanda purana dahuka boli devotees indradyumna jayad...