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of contents braille kanji 4 languages bahasa indonesia 日本語 한국어 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia braille for transcribing written japanese kantenji 漢点字 script type logographic status unofficial print basis kanji languages japanese related scripts parent systems night writing braille japanese braille kantenji braille kanji japanese 漢点字 hepburn kantenji lit chinese dot characters is a system of braille for transcribing written japanese it was devised in 1969 by tai ichi kawakami 川上 泰一 a teacher at the osaka school for the blind ja and was still being revised in 1991 it supplements japanese braille by providing a means of directly encoding kanji characters without having to first convert them to kana it uses an 8 dot braille cell with the lower six dots corresponding to the cells of standard japanese braille and the upper two dots indicating the constituent parts of the kanji 1 2 the upper dots are numbered 0 upper left and 7 upper right the opposite convention of 8 dot braille in western countries where the extra dots are added to the bottom of the cell a kanji will be transcribed by anywhere from one to three braille cells principles edit kantenji braille cell with diacritical upper dots 0 and 7 only kanji use the upper dots 0 and 7 a cell occupying only dots 1 6 is to be read as kana or less commonly as the middle element of a three cell kanji kana readings are used to derive common kanji elements that share that reading for example the kana き ki is used for elements based on the kanji 木 which has ki as one of its basic pronunciations the two upper dots are then used to indicate whether this is a whole character 木 or an element of a compound character for a whole character both upper dots are added for 木 ki for a partial character one upper dot is used the left upper dot alone indicates the first left top or outside constituent part of a kanji as in 村 and the right upper dot alone signals the final right bottom or inside constituent part of a kanji as in 林 1 for those kanji where an element is repeated more than once a suffix corresponding derived from the braille digit plus a right upper dot indicates the number of times an element occurs as in 森 2 that is the kana き ki is the basis for the kanji 木 ki as well as the two components of 林 hayashi and combined with the digit ３ it forms 森 mori kantenji are frequently abbreviated for example the kana う u is used for the roof radical 宀 which is conventionally pronounced u thus combined with the kanji 子 ko from the kana こ ko it forms the compound character 字 ji as in 漢字 kanji however in print the roof radical is not normally used as an independent kanji so in kantenji it is used as an abbreviation for the most common kanji with the roof radical 家 ie house a more extreme abbreviation is 恋 koi love in print this is historically 糸 言 糸 on the top plus 心 on the bottom but in kantenji it is abbreviated to 言 心 for 恋 koi because there are only 63 six dot patterns that kantenji can be based on while there are significantly more elements from which kanji are built in print for instance the 214 radicals each of the kantenji patterns corresponds to several components in print most are visually or thematically linked for example the kana そ so is the arbitrary basis for the kanji 馬 uma horse from there three kanji for farm animals are derived by adding a selector a pattern with a single lower dot 馬 selector 1 牛 ushi cattle 馬 selector 2 羊 hitsuji sheep and 馬 selector 3 豚 buta pig the kanji 曽 sō on the other hand is based on the same braille pattern despite having nothing to do with the horse radical or its meaning because it is the historical basis of the kana そ so thus selector 4 馬 is 曽 sō the selectors are generally only used for individual kanji when 馬 牛 羊 豚 or 曽 used as components of compound kanji in print all are most commonly written as or in braille 3 the order of the cells is sometimes reversed to distinguish kanji that would otherwise be written the same in braille for example 料 is written 斗 私 to distinguish it from 科 私 斗 tricks such as reordering and abbreviation help use the 4 000 two cell combinations however for rarer kanji three cells are required the middle cell may be a selector as in 汲 水 selector 5 系 or a kanji element as in 瑠 玉 月 田 3 kantenji elements edit the 63 basic 6 dot braille patterns are used to define 57 kanji elements and six selectors that build more complex characters from constituent parts the blank 6 dot braille pattern always indicates a space and is otherwise unused in kantenji numerals are as in international braille without the number indicator standard japanese braille kana and kantenji assignments kantenji cell kana kantenji element kantenji cell kana kantenji element kantenji cell kana kantenji element kantenji cell kana kantenji element space n a あ selector 1 １ sokuon selector 2 い 糹 ２ わ selector 3 な 亻 ゐ 幺 に 氵 y selector 4 う 宀 ３ お 頁 ９ え 訁 ６ や 疒 ぬ 力 の 禾 ね 示 selector 5 ら 月 ５ chōon 宿 り 分 ８ を 貝 た ゑ 訁 ち 竹 y 比 る 忄 ４ ろ 十 ０ れ 口 ７ よ 广 つ 土 と 戸 て 扌 selector 6 か 金 き 木 学 龸 は 辶 n a 日 ひ 辶 y 亻 く 艹 こ 子 け 犬 ゆ 彳 ふ 女 ほ 方 へ 数 さ 阝 心 し 巿 ん 止 ま 石 囗 み 耳 y 氵 す 発 そ 馬 せ 食 numbers 火 む 車 も 門 め 目 single cell kantenji characters edit kantenji with both upper dots raised indicate a single cell kantenji character these are all common characters and they generally define the archetype for character components based on a dot pattern 糸 人 系 水 家 頁 言 病 力 私 示 月 宿 分 貝 語 竹 比 性 十 口 店 土 戸 金 肉 木 学 走 日 進 仁 草 子 犬 行 女 方 玉 数 都 心 巿 止 石 囲 耳 氷 発 馬 食 火 車 門 目 double cell variant kantenji characters edit another kantenji form uses a base character with a selector a 6 dot pattern with a single raised dot either preceding or following to indicate a variant on the archetype of the dot pattern when a base character is followed by selectors 4 5 or 6 it usually indicates a variant with a single stroke added or removed from the base character variant kantenji are composed the same as a regular double cell kantenji with dot 0 upper left raised in the first cell and dot 7 upper right raised in the second そ 馬 selector 1 牛 そ 馬 selector 2 羊 そ 馬 selector 3 豚 selector 4 そ 馬 曽 や 病 selector 1 山 や 病 selector 2 矢 し 巿 selector 1 色 し 巿 selector 3 巾 き 木 selector 4 未 き 木 selector 5 末 き 木 selector 6 本 double cell thematic kantenji characters edit some kantenji sharing a common element are linked thematically rather than structurally the first cell indicates the general concept and the second cell will be a determiner pinning down the specific meaning and the character associated with it the determiner is usually by pronunciation although determiners can be associated by meaning as well for example characters for numbers are all preceded by 数 and followed by a cell corresponding to its braille numeral or to a similar looking character while the kantenji for colors are 色 followed by the initial kana from one of its pronunciations like the base kantenji of variants thematic determiners can be used in making composed kantenji e g せ 食 can be used for the element 青 in composed kantenji as its thematic kantenji is し 色 せ 食 青 し 色 か 金 赤 し 色 く 草 黒 し 色 こ 子 黄 し 色 せ 食 青 し 色 み 耳 緑 し 色 む 車 紫 数 ０ 零 数 １ 一 数 ２ 二 数 ３ 三 and so on double cell composed kantenji characters edit the most common kantenji form uses a two cell pattern the first with the upper left dot raised the second with the upper right raised the dot patterns indicate the two basic elements that comprise the composed kanji note that variant elements are often represented by the base kantenji and thematic elements by their determiners う 宀 こ 子 字 き 木 き 木 林 き 木 め 目 相 ろ 十 め 目 直 学 龸 ぬ 力 労 日 せ 青 晴 氷 氵 せ 青 清 亻 そ 曽 僧 duplicative and multi cell composed kantenji edit more complex kanji can be composed in two different ways depending on whether they are composed of a single element repeated or multiple distinct elements a kanji composed of a duplicated element can be indicated by a base character followed by the braille numeral counting repetitions of the element note that a single repeat is indicated by simply repeating the element in a standard double cell kantenji a complex kantenji can also be composed like a regular double cell kantenji adding a middle cell with neither upper dot raised the last cell is always indicated by the upper right dot no matter the length of the composed kantenji き 木 ３ 森 火 も 門 ら 月 燗 reversed kantenji edit some kantenji patterns can be used to write two or more common kanji while reversing the elements would not signify any common characters when this happens the reversed form can be used to signify that second kanji こ 子 ふ 女 好 vs ふ 女 こ 子 娯 そ 羊 に 水 洋 vs に 氵 そ 馬 消 ろ 才 き 木 材 vs き 木 ろ 十 枯 め 目 そ 羊 着 vs そ 馬 め 目 省 text edit a sample text 草 枕 夏 目 漱 石 kusamakura natsume sōseki 智 に 働 け ば 角 が 立 つ chi ni hatarakeba kado ga tatsu approach everything rationally and you become harsh 青 に 棹 さ せ ば 流 さ れ る jō ni sao saseba nagasareru paddle along in the stream of emotions and you will be swept away in the current 意 地 を 通 せ ば 窮 屈 だ iji o tōseba kyūkutsu da give free rein to your desires and you become uncomfortably confined references edit 1 2 盲人と文字 漢点字の世界 retrieved 27 december 2013 1 2 漢点字 retrieved 27 december 2013 1 2 漢点字入門 pdf archived from the original pdf on 31 december 2013 retrieved 30 december 2013 v t e braille braille cell 1829 braille international uniformity ascii braille unicode braille patterns braille scripts french ordered albanian cantonese catalan chinese mainland mandarin largely reassigned czech dutch 6 dot 8 dot english unified english esperanto french german ghanaian guarani hawaiian hungarian iñupiaq ipa irish italian latvian lithuanian luxembourgish extended to 8 dot maltese māori navajo nigerian philippine polish portuguese romanian samoan slovak south african spanish taiwanese mandarin largely reassigned turkish azerbaijani vietnamese welsh yugoslav zambian nordic family estonian faroese icelandic scandinavian danish finnish greenlandic northern sámi norwegian swedish russian lineage family i e cyrillic mediated scripts belarusian bulgarian kazakh kyrgyz mongolian russian tatar ukrainian egyptian lineage family i e arabic mediated scripts arabic persian urdu pakistan indian lineage family i e bharati braille devanagari hindi marathi nepali bengali bangla assamese gujarati kannada malayalam odia punjabi sinhala tamil telugu urdu india other scripts amharic armenian burmese dzongkha bhutanese georgian greek hebrew inuktitut reassigned vowels khmer thai and lao japanese vowels tibetan reordered algerian braille obsolete frequency based american braille obsolete independent chinese semi syllabaries cantonese mainland chinese mandarin taiwanese mandarin two cell chinese shuangpin japanese korean eight dot dutch luxembourgish kanji gardner salinas braille codes gs8 symbols in braille braille music canadian currency marks computer braille code gardner salinas braille codes science gs8 gs6 international phonetic alphabet ipa nemeth braille code braille technology braille e book braille embosser braille translator braille watch mountbatten brailler optical braille recognition perforation perkins brailler refreshable braille display slate and stylus braigo people louis braille charles barbier róża czacka valentin haüy harris mowbray thakur vishva narain singh maría del carmen ortiz de arce sabriye tenberken william bell wait organisations braille institute of america braille without borders japan braille library national braille association blindness organizations schools for the blind american printing house for the blind other tactile alphabets decapoint moon type new york point night writing vibratese related topics accessible publishing braille literacy robobraille v t e japanese language earlier forms old early middle late middle early modern dialects eastern hokkaidō tōhoku northern nanbu tsugaru akita matagi southern kesen nairiku kantō western gunma kanagawa tokyo eastern ibaraki tochigi northern izu islands tōkai tōsan nagano yamanashi shizuoka shizuoka narada echigo nagaoka gifu aichi nagoya mikawa mino hida western hokuriku kaga kanazawa shiramine kansai awaji banshū kishū okuyoshino shikoku iyo tosa sanuki chūgoku san yō bingo east san in inshū umpaku kyūshū hōnichi ōita hichiku chikuzen hakata kumamoto nagasaki saga tsushima satsugū other amami japanese okinawan japanese pidgins and creoles bamboo english bonin english hawaiian creole kyowa go pseudo chinese yilan creole japanese yokohama pidgin japanese japonic languages eastern old japanese hachijō grammar ryukyuan northern amami ōshima southern amami ōshima kikai kunigami okinawan okinoerabu tokunoshima yoron southern miyako tarama yaeyama yonaguni writing system logograms script reform kanbun kanji by stroke count kanji radicals by frequency by stroke count kokuji ryakuji ateji kana hiragana katakana furigana okurigana gojūon man yōgana hentaigana sōgana kana ligature orthography braille kanji punctuation kanazukai historical kana modern kana jōdai tokushu kanazukai yotsugana transcription into japanese encoding euc euc jp iso iec 2022 jis 0201 0208 0211 0212 0213 shift jis unicode hiragana kana extended a kana extended b kana supplement small kana extension katakana katakana phonetic extensions other arib std b24 enclosed eis extended shinjitai half full grammar and vocabulary japanese grammar verb conjugations kagoshima verb conjugations godan and ichidan verbs irregular verbs pronouns adjectives possessives particles kagoshima nagasaki kinki topic marker counter words numerals native words yamato kotoba sino japanese vocabulary loan words gairaigo from dutch from portuguese wasei eigo wasei kango engrish honorific speech honorifics court lady language nyōbō kotoba role language yakuwarigo gender differences dictionaries phonology pitch accent rendaku sound symbolism kanji pronunciation sources on yomi go on kan on tō on kun yomi transliteration romanization hepburn nihon shiki kunrei shiki jsl wāpuro rōmaji in esperanto cyrillization polivanov system literature books poetry writers speculative fiction writers classical japanese texts retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title braille_kanji oldid 1314002408 categories encodings of japanese innovative braille scripts 8 dot braille scripts hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles containing japanese language text this page was last edited on 29 september 2025 at 05 34 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy 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