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my raised the 40th infantry division and dispatched it to garrison hong kong it later left for combat in the korean war and the defense of the territory was taken up by additional british forces who were rotated from europe the garrison was further supplemented by leps and gurkhas the latter came from nepal but formed part of the british army the size of the garrison during the cold war fluctuated and ended up being based around one brigade the royal hong kong regiment a military unit which was part of the hong kong government was trained and organised along the lines of a british territorial army unit as such it was supported by british army regular personnel holding key positions these british army personnel for their duration of service to the royal hong kong regiment were seconded to the hong kong government in the post wwii era the majority of the regiment s members were local citizens of chinese descent economy edit victoria harbour in 1988 showing the bank of china tower being built the economy of hong kong under british rule was based on free trade and positive non interventionism with the minimal red tape and low taxes allowing the colony to flourish primarily as a free trade zone and later as an offshore financial centre the stability security and predictability of british law and government enabled hong kong to flourish as a centre for international trade 53 in the colony s first decade revenue from the opium trade was a key source of government funds the importance of opium reduced over time but the colonial government was dependent on its revenues until the japanese occupation in 1941 53 although the largest businesses in the early colony were operated by british american and other expatriates chinese workers provided the bulk of the manpower needed to build a new port city 54 by the late 1980s many ethnic chinese people had become major business figures in hong kong amongst these billionaires was sir li ka shing who had become one of the colony s wealthiest people by this time culture edit a man leaning on a royal mail post box in hong kong 1962 british hong kong was characterised as a hybrid of east and west traditional chinese values emphasising family and education blended with western ideals including economic liberty and the rule of law 55 although the vast majority of the population was ethnically chinese hong kong developed a distinct identity from the mainland through its long period of colonial administration and a different pace of economic social and cultural development with mainstream culture was derived from immigrants originating from various parts of china this was influenced by british style education a separate political system and the territory s rapid development during the late 20th century 56 57 most migrants of that era fled poverty and war reflected in the prevailing attitude toward wealth hongkongers tended to link self image and decision making to material benefits 58 59 residents sense of local identity remained post handover with in 2018 the majority of the population 52 identifying as hongkongers while 11 described themselves as chinese the remaining population held mixed identities 23 as hongkonger in china and 12 as chinese in hong kong 60 traditional chinese family values including family honour filial piety and a preference for sons remained prevalent 61 nuclear families were the most common households although multi generational and extended families were not unusual 62 in british ruled hong kong polygamy was legal until 1971 pursuant to the colonial practice of not interfering in local customs that british authorities viewed as relatively harmless to the public order 63 spiritual concepts such as feng shui were observed large scale construction projects often hired consultants to ensure proper building positioning and layout the degree of its adherence to feng shui was believed to determine the success of a business bagua mirrors were regularly used to deflect evil spirits 64 and buildings often lack floor numbers with a 4 65 the number has a similar sound to the word for die in cantonese 66 language edit main article languages of hong kong shopping street at kowloon with signs in english and traditional chinese 1978 a prominent example of cultural integration in everyday life in british hong kong was the use of british english as a common second language and also the sole official language of the colony until 1974 when chinese was accorded co official status 67 in addition to british english being taught in primary and secondary schools there were also english medium schools operated by the english schools foundation established in 1967 68 for the metro system the metro lines were named after places instead of numbered unlike mainland china where metro lines were numbered roads were named after british royals governors famous people cities and towns across the uk and the commonwealth as well as chinese cities and places aside from chinese new year christmas was celebrated as the second most important festival in literature some idioms in cantonese were directly translated from those in english a mandarin chinese speaker might recognise the words but not understand the meaning cuisine edit main article hong kong cuisine left typical fare at a dim sum restaurant right cha chaan teng breakfast food with hong kong style milk tea food in hong kong under british rule was primarily based on cantonese cuisine despite the territory s exposure to foreign influences and its residents varied origins rice was the staple food and was usually served plain with other dishes 69 freshness of ingredients was emphasised poultry and seafood were commonly sold live at wet markets and ingredients were used as quickly as possible 70 there were five daily meals breakfast lunch afternoon tea dinner and siu yeh 71 dim sum as part of yum cha brunch was a dining out tradition with family and friends dishes include congee cha siu bao siu yuk egg tarts and mango pudding local versions of western food were served at cha chaan teng hong kong style cafes common cha chaan teng menu items include macaroni in soup deep fried french toast and hong kong style milk tea 69 cinema edit main article cinema of hong kong film making in hong kong began as early as 1909 but hong kong was not a film making hub until the late 1940s when a wave of shanghai filmmakers migrated to the territory these movie veterans helped build the colony s entertainment industry over the next decade 72 by the 1960s the city was well known to overseas audiences through films such as the world of suzie wong 73 when bruce lee s the way of the dragon was released in 1972 local productions became popular outside hong kong during the 1980s films such as a better tomorrow as tears go by and zu warriors from the magic mountain expanded global interest beyond martial arts films locally made gangster films romantic dramas and supernatural fantasies became popular 74 hong kong cinema continued to be internationally successful over the following decade with critically acclaimed dramas such as farewell my concubine to live and wong kar wai movies the city s martial arts film roots were evident in the roles of the most prolific hong kong actors jackie chan donnie yen jet li chow yun fat and michelle yeoh frequently play action oriented roles in foreign films at the height of the local movie industry in the early 1990s over 400 films were produced each year since then industry momentum has shifted to mainland china the number of films produced annually declined to about 60 in 2017 75 music edit main article music of hong kong leslie cheung left was considered a pioneering cantopop artist and andy lau was an icon of hong kong music and film for several decades as a member of the four heavenly kings cantopop was a genre of cantonese popular music which emerged in hong kong during the 1970s evolving from shanghai style shidaiqu it was also influenced by cantonese opera and western pop 76 local media featured songs by artists such as sam hui anita mui leslie cheung and alan tam during the 1980s exported films and shows exposed cantopop to a global audience 77 the genre s popularity peaked in the 1990s when the four heavenly kings dominated asian record charts 78 despite a general decline since late in the decade 79 western classical music historically had a strong presence in hong kong and remained a large part of local musical education 80 the publicly funded hong kong philharmonic orchestra the territory s oldest professional symphony orchestra frequently hosts musicians and conductors from overseas the hong kong chinese orchestra composed of classical chinese instruments was the leading chinese ensemble and played a significant role in promoting traditional music in the community 81 sport and recreation edit main article sport in hong kong happy valley racecourse 1963 despite its small area the territory regularly hosted the hong kong sevens hong kong marathon hong kong tennis classic and lunar new year cup and hosted the inaugural afc asian cup and the 1995 dynasty cup 82 83 hong kong was separately represented from mainland china with its own sports teams in international competitions the territory participated in almost every summer olympics since 1952 and earned a gold medal lee lai shan won the territory s first olympic gold medal at the 1996 atlanta olympics 84 between 1972 and 1996 hong kong athletes won 60 medals at the paralympic games as part of the commonwealth british hong kong participated in the commonwealth games in which it won 17 medals the city s last appearance in the games being in 1994 85 dragon boat races originated as a religious ceremony conducted during the annual tuen ng festival the race was revived as a modern sport as part of the tourism board s efforts to promote hong kong s image abroad the first modern competition was organised in 1976 and overseas teams began competing in the first international race in 1993 86 the hong kong jockey club known between 1960 and 1996 as the royal hong kong jockey club became the territory s largest taxpayer 87 three forms of gambling were legal in hong kong lotteries horse racing and football 88 dissent edit the neutrality of this section is disputed relevant discussion may be found on the talk page please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met april 2023 learn how and when to remove this message police confrontation during the 1967 leftist riots during china s turbulent 20th century hong kong served as a safe haven for dissidents political refugees and officials who had lost power british policy allowed dissidents to live in hong kong as long as they did not break local laws or harm british interests the implementation of this policy varied according to what the senior officials thought constituted british interests and the state of relations with china 89 the canton hong kong strike 1925 1926 was anti imperialist in nature the 1966 riots and maoist led 1967 riots essentially spillovers from the cultural revolution were large scale demonstrations fuelled by tensions surrounding labour disputes and dissatisfaction towards the government 90 although the 1967 riots started as a labour dispute the incident escalated quickly after the leftist camp and mainland officials stationed in hong kong seized the opportunity to mobilise their followers to protest against the colonial government 91 chinese communist party supporters organised the anti british struggle committee during the riots steve tsang director of the china institute of the school of oriental and african studies at the university of london wrote that it was ironic that despite hong kong being a symbol of china s humiliation by britain there was not one major movement started by the chinese residents of the colony for its retrocession to china even though there had been several upsurges of chinese nationalism 92 he explained in the 1920s the working class chinese of hong kong did not have a good reason to rally around the hong kong government and they were more susceptible to appeals based on chinese nationalism consequently the call of the communists was basically heeded by the working men and their actions practically paralysed the colony for a year by the end of the 1960s however the attempts by the hong kong government to maintain stability and good order which helped improve everyone s living conditions and the beginning of the emergence of a hong kong identity changed the attitude of the local chinese they overwhelmingly rallied around the colonial british regime 93 see also edit british military hospital british education royal hong kong regiment political department flags of elizabeth ii british forces overseas hong kong commander british forces in hong kong notes edit no specific variety of chinese was listed in legislation but cantonese was the de facto standard as it was the native variety of the colony chinese was made official in 1974 hongkonger and hong konger were both used by the british administrators of hong kong the office of colonial secretary was renamed to chief secretary in 1976 references edit citations edit kwok chun tang mark bray 2000 colonial models and the evolution of education systems pdf web edu hku hk during the twentieth century the hong kong authorities constructed a highly centralized system which at the end of the century moved towards decentralization in macau by contrast government neglect led to an uncoordinated collection of imported systems at the end of the century the macau government endeavored to unify the sector but faced major challenges and limitations main results pdf 1996 population by census report census and statistics department december 1996 archived pdf from the original on 13 october 2018 retrieved 7 september 2018 1 2 hong kong international monetary fund archived from the original on 19 november 2018 retrieved 6 september 2018 gini coefficient fact sheet pdf report legislative council december 2004 archived pdf from the original on 3 march 2016 retrieved 7 september 2018 hong kong pdf human development report 2016 report united nations development programme 2016 archived pdf from the original on 13 july 2017 retrieved 7 september 2018 lupton colina 1965 government and people in hong kong 1841 1962 a constitutional history journal of the hong kong branch of the royal asiatic society 5 95 100 jstor 23881414 given the fact that hong kong received a crown colony form of constitution in 1843 and still retains it in 1965 there must be something which explains its tranquillity in the midst of a continent of upheaval a draft agreement between the government of the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland and the government of the people s republic of china on the future of hong kong 1984 pp 1 8 the joint declaration constitutional and mainland affairs bureau the government of the hong kong special administrative region of the people s republic...