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r findings in 1965 in an article in the medical journal of australia 14 further information potassium bromide bromide compounds especially potassium bromide were frequently used as sedatives in the 19th and early 20th centuries their use in over the counter sedatives and headache remedies such as bromo seltzer in the united states extended to 1975 when bromides were withdrawn as ingredients due to chronic toxicity 15 this use gave the word bromide its colloquial connotation of a comforting cliché 16 it has been said that during world war i british soldiers were given bromide to curb their sexual urges 17 antiepileptic edit the bromide ion is antiepileptic and as bromide salt is used in veterinary medicine in the us the kidneys excrete bromide ions the half life of bromide in the human body 12 days is long compared with many pharmaceuticals making dosing challenging to adjust a new dose may require several months to reach equilibrium bromide ion concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid are about 30 of those in blood and are strongly influenced by the body s chloride intake and metabolism 18 since bromide is still used in veterinary medicine in the united states veterinary diagnostic labs can routinely measure blood bromide levels however this is not a conventional test in human medicine in the us since there are no fda approved uses for the bromide therapeutic bromide levels are measured in european countries like germany where bromide is still used therapeutically in human epilepsy biocide edit bromide salts are used in hot tubs as mild germicidal agents to generate in situ hypobromite this article is missing information about algaecide please expand the article to include this information further details may exist on the talk page june 2025 biochemistry edit bromide is rarely mentioned in the biochemical context some enzymes use bromide as substrate or as a cofactor substrate edit bromoperoxidase enzymes use bromide typically in seawater to generate electrophilic brominating agents hundreds of organobromine compounds are generated by this process notable examples are bromoform thousands of tons of which are produced annually in this way the historical dye tyrian purple is produced by similar enzymatic reactions 19 cofactor edit in one specialized report bromide is an essential cofactor in the peroxidising catalysis of sulfonimine crosslinks in collagen iv this post translational modification occurs in all animals and bromine is an essential trace element for humans 20 eosinophils need bromide for fighting multicellular parasites hypobromite is produced via eosinophil peroxidase an enzyme that can use chloride but preferentially uses bromide 21 the average concentration of bromide in human blood in queensland australia is 5 3 1 4 mg l and varies with age and gender 22 much higher levels may indicate exposure to brominated chemicals it is also found in seafood further reading edit encyclopedia articles and books edit christe k and s schneider 2020 bromine encyclopædia britannica emerson s and j hedges 2011 chemical oceanography and the marine carbon cycle cambridge university press cambridge glasow r von and c hughes 2014 biogeochemical cycles bromine encyclopedia of atmospheric sciences second edition knight j and n schlager 2002 real life chemistry gale group detroit mi millero f j 2013 chemical oceanography taylor francis boca raton newton d e 2010 bromine revised chemical elements from carbon to krypton riley j p g skirrow and r chester 1975 chemical oceanography academic press london ross r 2017 facts about bromine livescience steele j h s a thorpe and k k turekian 2001 encyclopedia of ocean sciences academic press san diego steele j h s a thorpe and k k turekian 2009 encyclopedia of ocean sciences academic press boston watkins t 2011 bromine environmental encyclopedia peer reviewed journal articles for bromine br edit wisniak j 2002 the history of bromine from discovery to commodity nopr peer reviewed journal articles for bromide br edit anbar a d y l yung and f p chavez 1996 methyl bromide ocean sources ocean sinks and climate sensitivity agu journals foti s c and naval ordnance lab white oak md 1972 concentration of bromide ions in seawater by isotopic exchange with mercurous bromide dtic gribble g w 2000 the natural production of organobromine compounds environmental science and pollution research 7 1 37 49 doi 10 1065 espr199910 002 leri a 2012 the chemistry of bromine in terrestrial and marine environments science highlight magazinovic r s b c nicholson d e mulcahy and d e davey 2004 bromide levels in natural waters its relationship to levels of both chloride and total dissolved solids and the implications for water treatment chemosphere 57 4 329 335 doi 10 1016 j chemosphere 2004 04 056 pilinis c d b king and e s saltzman 1996 the oceans a source or a sink of methyl bromide geophysical research letters 23 8 817 820 doi 10 1029 96gl00424 stemmler i i hense and b quack 2015 marine sources of bromoform in the global open ocean global patterns and emissions biogeosciences 12 6 1967 1981 doi 10 5194 bg 12 1967 2015 suzuki a lim l hiroi t takeuchi t 2006 march 20 rapid determination of bromide in seawater samples by capillary ion chromatography using monolithic silica columns modified with cetyltrimethylammonium ion references edit bromide pubchem public chemical database the pubchem project usa national center for biotechnology information archived from the original on 2012 11 03 1 2 zumdahl steven s 2009 chemical principles 6th ed houghton mifflin isbn 978 0 618 94690 7 rattley matt 2012 ambiguous bromine nature chemistry 4 6 512 bibcode 2012natch 4 512r doi 10 1038 nchem 1361 pmid 22614389 shannon r d 1976 revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides acta crystallographica a 32 5 751 767 bibcode 1976accra 32 751s doi 10 1107 s0567739476001551 mindat org mines minerals and more www mindat org archived from the original on 2 march 2001 retrieved 29 april 2018 chemistry of the elements n n greenwood a earnshaw elsevier 2012 pp 789 magazinovic rodney s nicholson brenton c mulcahy dennis e davey david e 2004 bromide levels in natural waters its relationship to levels of both chloride and total dissolved solids and the implications for water treatment chemosphere 57 4 329 335 bibcode 2004chmsp 57 329m doi 10 1016 j chemosphere 2004 04 056 pmid 15312731 archived from the original on 2021 05 25 retrieved 2021 03 07 michael j dagani henry j barda theodore j benya david c sanders bromine compounds ullmann s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry 2002 wiley vch weinheim doi 10 1002 14356007 a04_405 polybrominated diphenyl ethers pbdes action plan summary existing chemicals oppt us epa archived from the original on 2015 09 01 retrieved 2012 12 03 brominated flame retardants in the environment pdf columbia environmental research center archived pdf from the original on 2016 05 08 retrieved 2012 12 03 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5 brf brf 3 brf 5 ne nabr mgbr 2 albr albr 3 sibr 4 pbr 3 pbr 5 pbr 7 p s 2 br 2 sbr 2 brcl ar kbr cabr 2 scbr 3 tibr 2 tibr 3 tibr 4 vbr 2 vbr 3 crbr 2 crbr 3 crbr 4 mnbr 2 febr 2 febr 3 cobr 2 nibr 2 cubr cubr 2 znbr 2 gabr 3 gebr 2 gebr 4 asbr 3 as aso 3 sebr 2 sebr 4 br 2 kr rbbr srbr 2 ybr 3 zrbr 2 zrbr 3 zrbr 4 nbbr 5 mobr 2 mobr 3 mobr 4 tcbr 3 tcbr 4 rubr 3 rhbr 3 pdbr 2 agbr cdbr 2 inbr inbr 3 snbr 2 snbr 4 sbbr 3 sb sb te 2 br tebr 4 te ibr ibr 3 xebr 2 csbr babr 2 lubr 3 hfbr 4 tabr 5 wbr 5 wbr 6 rebr 3 osbr 3 osbr 4 irbr 3 irbr 4 ptbr 2 ptbr 4 aubr aubr 3 hg 2 br 2 hgbr 2 tlbr pbbr 2 bibr 3 pobr 2 pobr 4 atbr rn frbr rabr 2 lr rf db sg bh hs mt ds rg cn nh fl mc lv ts og labr 3 cebr 3 prbr 3 ndbr 2 ndbr 3 pmbr 3 smbr 2 smbr 3 eubr 2 eubr 3 gdbr 3 tbbr 3 dybr 3 hobr 3 erbr 3 tmbr 2 tmbr 3 ybbr 2 ybbr 3 acbr 3 thbr 4 pabr 4 pabr 5 ubr 3 ubr 4 ubr 5 npbr 3 npbr 4 pubr 3 ambr 2 ambr 3 cmbr 3 bkbr 3 cfbr 3 esbr 2 esbr 3 fm md no v t e monatomic anion compounds group 1 h na k rb cs group 11 au group 13 b al ga in tl group 14 c si ge sn pb group 15 pnictides n 3 p 3 as 3 sb 3 bi 3 group 16 chalcogenides o 2 s 2 se 2 te 2 po 2 group 17 halides f cl br i at v t e gaba a receptor positive modulators alcohols brometone butanol chloralodol chlorobutanol cloretone ethanol alcohol alcoholic drink ethchlorvynol isobutanol isopropanol menthol methanol methylpentynol pentanol petrichloral propanol tert butanol 2m2p tert pentanol 2m2b tribromoethanol trichloroethanol triclofos trifluoroethanol barbiturates dmbb allobarbital alphenal amobarbital aprobarbital barbexaclone barbital benzobarbital benzylbutylbarbiturate brallobarbital brophebarbital butabarbital secbutabarbital butalbital buthalital butobarbital butallylonal carbubarb crotylbarbital cyclobarbital cyclopentobarbital difebarbamate enallylpropymal ethallobarbital eterobarb febarbamate heptabarb heptobarbital hexethal hexobarbital methallatal metharbital methitural methohexital methylphenobarbital narcobarbital nealbarbital pentobarbital phenallymal phenobarbital phetharbital primidone probarbital propallylonal propylbarbital proxibarbital reposal secobarbital sigmodal spirobarbital talbutal tetrabamate tetrabarbital thialbarbital thiamylal thiobarbital thiobutabarbital thiopental thiotetrabarbital valofane vinbarbital vinylbital benzodiazepines 2 oxoquazepam 3 hydroxyphenazepam adinazolam alprazolam arfendazam avizafone bentazepam bretazenil bromazepam bromazolam brotizolam camazepam carburazepam chlordiazepoxide ciclotizolam cinazepam cinolazepam clazolam climazolam clobazam clonazepam clonazolam cloniprazepam clorazepate clotiazepam cloxazolam cp 1414s cyprazepam delorazepam demoxepam diazepam diclazepam dimdazenil doxefazepam elfazepam estazolam ethyl carfluzepate ethyl dirazepate ethyl loflazepate etizolam fg 8205 fletazepam flubromazepam flubromazolam fludiazepam flunitrazepam flunitrazolam flurazepam flutazolam flutemazepam flutoprazepam fosazepam gidazepam halazepam haloxazolam iclazepam imidazenil irazepine ketazolam lofendazam lopirazepam loprazolam lorazepam lormetazepam meclonazepam medazepam menitrazepam metaclazepam mexazolam midazolam motrazepam n desalkylflurazepam nifoxipam nimetazepam nitrazepam nitrazepate nitrazolam nordazepam nortetrazepam oxazepam oxazolam phenazepam pinazepam pivoxazepam prazepam premazepam proflazepam pyrazolam qh ii 66 quazepam reclazepam remimazolam rilmazafone ripazepam ro48 6791 ro48 8684 sh 053 r ch3 2 f sulazepam temazepam tetrazepam tolufazepam triazolam triflubazam triflunordazepam ro5 2904 tuclazepam uldazepam zapizolam zolazepam zomebazam carbamates carisbamate carisoprodol clocental cyclarbamate difebarbamate emylcamate ethinamate febarbamate felbamate hexapropymate hydroxyphenamate lorbamate mebutamate meprobamate nisobamate pentabamate phenprobamate procymate styramate tetrabamate tybamate flavonoids 6 methylapigenin ampelopsin dihydromyricetin apigenin baicalein baicalin catechin egc egcg hispidulin linarin luteolin rc ome skullcap constituents e g baicalin wogonin imidazoles etomidate metomidate methoxyetomidate propoxate isopropoxate butomidate iso butomidate sec butomidate cf2 etomidate cf3 etomidate cf3 propoxate flutomidate 2 6 dichloro 3 fluoroetomidate kava constituents 10 methoxyyangonin 11 methoxyyangonin 11 hydroxyyangonin desmethoxyyangonin 11 methoxy 12 hydroxydehydrokavain 7 8 dihydroyangonin kavain 5 hydroxykavain 5 6 dihydroyangonin 7 8 dihydrokavain 5 6 7 8 tetrahydroyangonin 5 6 dehydromethysticin methysticin 7 8 dihydromethysticin yangonin monoureides acecarbromal apronal apronalide bromisoval carbromal capuride ectylurea neurosteroids acebrochol allopregnanolone brexanolone alfadolone alfaxalone 3α androstanediol androstenol androsterone certain anabolic androgenic steroids cholesterol cortisol hydrocortisone dhdoc 3α dhp 5α dhp 5β dhp dht etiocholanolone etx 155 ganaxolone hydroxydione lpcn 1154 minaxolone nora 520 org 20599 org 21465 p1 185 posovolone prax 114 pregnanolone eltanolone progesterone renanolone sage 105 sage 324 sage 516 sage 689 sage 872 testosterone thdoc zuranolone nonbenzodiazepines cyclopyrrolones eszopiclone pagoclone pazinaclone suproclone suriclone zopiclone imidazopyridines alpidem ds 1 necopidem saripidem zolpidem pyrazolopyrimidines divaplon fasiplon indiplon lorediplon ocinaplon panadiplon taniplon zaleplon others adipiplon axs 17 baer 101 azd 7325 cgs 8216 cgs 9896 cgs 13767 cgs 20625 cl 218 872 cp 615 003 ctp 354 elb 139 enx 102 tpa 023b gbld 345 imepitoin jm 1232 l 838 417 lirequinil ro41 3696 miltirone rosmariquinone ns 2664 ns 2710 ns 11394 ns 11821 pipequaline rod 188 rwj 51204 sb 205 384 sx 3228 tgsc01aa tp 003 tpa 023 tp 13 u 89843a u 90042 viqualine y 23684 phenols cipepofol fospropofol propofol propofol hemisuccinate thymol piperidinediones glutethimide methyprylon piperidione pyrithyldione pyrazolopyridines cartazolate etazolate ici 190 622 tracazolate quinazolinones afloqualone cloroqualone diproqualone etaqualone mebroqualone mecloqualon...