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were set up in peripheral locations in relation to temples complexes which were the center of the caddo s world 24 the caddos didn t want to move near the missions because they would abandon their sacred fires according to fray isidro felix de espinosa the caddo believed our spanish fire is different on a deeper level the security of the caddo relied on centuries of living in dispersed settlements 25 french explorers in the early 18th century encountered the natchitoche in northern louisiana they were followed by fur traders from french outposts along the gulf coast later catholic missionaries from france and spain also traveled among the people the europeans carried infections such as smallpox and measles because these were endemic in their societies as the caddo peoples had no acquired immunity to such new diseases they suffered epidemics with high fatalities that destroyed the tribal populations influenza and malaria were additional new diseases that caused many deaths among the caddo 18 french traders built their trading posts and associated forts near caddo villages these were already important hubs in the great plains trading network well before the 18th and 19th centuries these stations attracted more french and other european settlers among such settlements are the present day communities of elysian fields and nacogdoches texas and natchitoches louisiana in the latter two towns early explorers and settlers kept the original caddo names of the villages having given way over years before the power of the former ohio valley tribes the later caddo negotiated for peace with the waves of spanish french and finally anglo american settlers after the 1803 louisiana purchase by which the united states took over the former french colonial territory west of the mississippi river the us government sought to ally with the caddo peoples during the war of 1812 american generals such as william henry harrison william clark and andrew jackson crushed pro british uprisings among other southeast indians in particular the creek also known as muscogee tensions within their tribe resulted in near civil war among the creek due to the caddo s neutrality and their importance as a source of information for the louisiana territory government the us forces left them alone but following congressional passage of the indian removal act of 1830 under president andrew jackson the federal government embarked on a program of removal of tribes from the southeast to enable european american settlement land hungry migrants pressed from the east 26 in 1835 the kadohadacho the northernmost caddo confederacy signed a treaty with the us to relocate to independent mexico which then included present day texas the area for their reservation in east texas had been lightly settled by mexican colonists but rapidly increasing immigration of european americans was occurring here in 1836 the anglo americans declared independence from mexico and established the republic of texas an independent nation 4 the name texas is derived from the hasinai word táysha through the spanish tejas meaning friend 27 28 on december 29 1845 the us admitted texas as a state at that time the us federal government forced the hasinai and the kadohadacho as well as remnants of allied delaware lenape and yowani to relocate onto the brazos reservation white settlers increased pressure for the brazos reservation indians to move north to indian territory white texans violently attacked a caddo encampment just off the reservation on december 26 1858 captain peter garland from erath county led this vigilante group choctaw tom led the caddo married to a hasinai woman tom was killed in this fight along with two other caddos and five anadarkos 29 in 1859 many of the caddo were relocated to indian territory north of texas which became the state of oklahoma in 1907 after the civil war the caddo were concentrated on a reservation located between the washita and canadian rivers in indian territory 4 in the late 19th century the caddo adopted the ghost dance religion which was widespread among american indian nations in the west john wilson a caddo delaware medicine man who spoke only caddo was an influential ghost dance leader practitioners believed that the dance would help them return to their traditional ways and to stop european american intrusions into their land and culture in 1880 wilson became a peyote roadman the tribe had known the half moon peyote ceremony but wilson introduced the big moon ceremony to them 30 the caddo nation remains very active in the native american church today late 19th century to present edit kaw u tz photographed in 1906 moccasins made by mrs sien coit sturm caddo circa 1909 collection of the bata shoe museum in toronto ontario 31 congress passed the dawes act to promote assimilation of tribes in indian territory and to extinguish indian land claims to enable admission of the territory as a state it authorized the break up and distribution of tribal communal landholdings into 160 acre allotments for individual households for them to establish subsistence family farms along the european american model any tribal lands remaining after such allotments were to be declared surplus and sold including to non native americans at the same time tribal governments were to be ended and native americans were to be accepted as us citizens subject to state and federal laws numerous european americans had already settled outside the tribal territories the caddo vigorously opposed allotment whitebread a caddo leader said because of their peaceful lives and friendship to the white man and through their ignorance were not consulted and have been ignored and stuck away in a corner and allowed to exist by sufferance 4 tribal governments were dismantled at this time and native americans were expected to act as state and us citizens after some period the adverse effects of these changes were recognized the caddo and other native american peoples suffered greatly from the disruption of their traditional cultures and lost much of their lands in the decades after allotment 20th century reorganization edit under the federal indian reorganization act of 1934 and the oklahoma indian welfare act of 1936 the caddo restored their tribal government they adopted a written constitution and a process of electing officials they organized in 1938 as the caddo indian tribe of oklahoma they ratified their constitution on january 17 1938 32 in 1976 they drafted a new constitution which continues elected representative government during the 20th century caddo leaders such as melford williams harry guy hubert halfmoon and vernon hunter have helped shape the tribe 4 in the early 1980s mary pat francis was the first woman to be elected as tribal chair her daughter tamara michele francis was elected in 2015 following a time of high divisions she was re elected in 2016 in a special election on june 29 2002 the tribe adopted six amendments to the constitution tribal enrollment is open to individuals with a documented minimum of 1 16 degree caddo blood quantum 33 21st century tribal issues edit sometimes severe disagreements have developed among factions of the tribe that have not been resolved in elections in august 2013 a group led by philip smith attempted to recall brenda shemayme edwards the chairman of the tribal council this faction conducted a new election but the victor stepped down and edwards refused to leave office in october 2013 smith and his supporters broke into the caddo nation headquarters they chained the front doors from the inside and blocked the entrance to the administration building the opposition called the bureau of indian affairs police 34 operation of the tribe was split between two factions the court of indian offenses which had been overseeing issues for a year because of the internal conflict in october 2014 ordered a new election for all positions 35 36 in the january 2015 elections all the top tribal positions were won by women tamara michele francis as chair carol d ross as vice chair jennifer reeder as secretary and wildena g moffer as treasurer 37 in july 2016 tamara m francis was re elected as the chairman of the caddo nation the 2016 council consisted of chairman francis vice chairman carol d ross acting secretary philip martin treasurer marilyn mcdonald oklahoma city representative jennifer wilson binger representative marilyn threlkeld and fort cobb representative maureen owings chairman francis is the daughter of the first elected female chairman mary pat francis who was elected in the 1980s tamara francis is the fourth elected female leader of the caddo nation john wilson 1840 1901 caddo peyote roadman sho e tat little boy or george washington 1816 1883 louisiana caddo leader a stirrup dance by the caddo culture club caddo national complex binger 2008 notable people edit t c cannon kiowa caddo painter and printmaker chase kahwinhut earles ceramic artist raven halfmoon sculptor and painter larue parker tribal chairperson jeri redcorn caddo potawatomi ceramic artist louis weller 1904 1979 professional american football player john wilson peyote roadman see also edit caddo lake list of sites and peoples visited by the hernando de soto expedition caddo mounds state historic site gahagan mounds site spiro mounds references edit handie jericka caddo nation university of oklahoma hasí nay caddo language hello oklahoma retrieved 22 september 2025 1 2 caddo nation native nations center for tribal policy research university of oklahoma retrieved 31 august 2025 1 2 3 4 5 6 meredith howard caddo kadohadacho the encyclopedia of oklahoma history and culture oklahoma history and culture retrieved 13 january 2023 2011 oklahoma indian nations pocket pictorial directory archived april 24 2012 at the wayback machine oklahoma indian affairs commission 2011 7 retrieved 2 january 2012 tribal council caddo nation retrieved 9 may 2025 hasinai summer youth camp archived 2009 01 05 at the wayback machine hasinai society 2008 retrieved 13 sept 2009 general information archived 2009 01 05 at the wayback machine hasinai society 2008 retrieved 13 sept 2009 edge donald caddo culture club archived 2009 07 04 at the wayback machine caddo nation heritage and culture retrieved 13 sept 2009 background kiwat hasinay foundation retrieved 13 sept 2009 1 2 3 tejas caddo fundamentals caddo timeline retrieved 2010 02 04 carter 17 8 fforde et al 154 great drought 2008 encyclopædia britannica retrieved september 30 2008 encyclopædia britannica online tejas caddo fundamentals caddoan languages and peoples retrieved 2010 02 04 1 2 sturtevant 625 sturtevant 626 1 2 3 burns louis f osage the encyclopedia of oklahoma history and culture oklahoma historical society retrieved 13 january 2023 sturtevant 616 617 1 2 3 smith f todd 1995 the caddo indians tribes at the convergence of empires 1542 1854 1st ed college station texas a m university press isbn 0890966427 oclc 31435392 1 2 swanton john reed 1873 1958 1996 source material on the history and ethnology of the caddo indians university of oklahoma press ed norman university of oklahoma press isbn 0585194211 oclc 44961456 cite book cs1 maint multiple names authors list link cs1 maint numeric names authors list link carter cecile elkins 1928 1995 caddo indians where we come from norman university of oklahoma press isbn 0585170495 oclc 44964001 cite book cs1 maint multiple names authors list link cs1 maint numeric names authors list link sturtevant 619 barr juliana april 2017 there s no such thing as prehistory what the longue duree of caddo and pueblo history tells us about colonial america the william and mary quarterly 74 2 221 doi 10 5309 willmaryquar 74 2 0203 jstor 10 5309 willmaryquar 74 2 0203 barr juliana april 2017 there s no such thing as prehistory what the longue duree of caddo and pueblo history tells us about colonial america the william and mary quarterly 74 2 222 doi 10 5309 willmaryquar 74 2 0203 jstor 10 5309 willmaryquar 74 2 0203 peter kastor the nation s crucible the louisiana purchase and the creation of america new haven yale university press 2004 159 160 bolton 2002 63 64 meredith howard hasinai the encyclopedia of oklahoma history and culture oklahoma historical society retrieved 13 january 2023 j w wilbarger indian depredations in texas choctaw tom fort tours stewart 86 88 art on the prairies all about shoes bata shoe museum 2006 retrieved 26 july 2015 constitution and by laws of the caddo indian tribe of oklahoma deprecated link archived 2013 06 30 at archive today national tribal justice resource center retrieved 13 september 2009 caddo nation constitutional amendments archived 2010 06 02 at the wayback machine caddo nation retrieved 14 sept 2009 m scott carpenter caddo nation fight stops tribal government the journal record 1 october 2013 retrieved 10 oct 2013 subscription required caddo nation told to prepare for new election for all positions indianz com 7 october 2014 scott rains caddo tribe to get new leadership the lawton constitution 10 october 2014 retrieved 2 feb 2015 women take chair and top tribal positions in caddo nation results indianz com 14 january 2015 accessed 14 january 2016 further reading edit bolton herbet e the hasinais southern caddoans as seen by the earliest europeans norman university of oklahoma press 2002 isbn 978 0 8061 3441 3 carter cecile elkins caddo indians where we come from norman university of oklahoma press 2001 isbn 0 8061 3318 x fford cressida jane hubert and paul turnbull the dead and their possessions repatriation in principle policy and practice new york routledge 2004 isbn 978 0 415 34449 4 stewart omer call peyote religion a history norman university of oklahoma press 1993 isbn 978 0 8061 2457 5 sturtevant william c general editor and raymond d fogelson volume editor handbook of north american indians southeast volume 14 washington dc smithsonian institution 2004 isbn 0 16 072300 0 dorsey george amos traditions of the caddo lincoln university of nebraska press 1997 isbn 0 8032 6602 2 lavere david the caddo chiefdoms caddo economics and politics 700 1835 lincoln university of nebraska press 1998 isbn 0 8032 2927 5 newkumet vynola beaver and howard l meredith hasinai a traditional history of the caddo people college station texas a m press 1988 isbn 0 89096 342 8 perttula timothy k the caddo nation archaeological and ethnohistoric perspectives austin university of texas press 1997 isbn 0 292 76574 6 smith f todd the caddo indians tribes at the convergence of empires 1542 1854 college station texas a m press 1995 isbn 0 89096 981 7 swanton john r source material on the history and ethnology of the caddo indians bureau of american ethnology bulletin 132 1942 asin b000nlbapk wedel mildred mott 1978 la harpe s 1719 post on red river and nearby caddo settlements issue 30 of bulletin of the texas memorial museum texas memorial museum external links edit 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