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which binds to it chemically and reduces its biological half life to 30 days 18 environmental contamination edit the ten highest deposits of caesium 137 from u s nuclear testing at the nevada test site test explosions simon and harry were both from operation upshot knothole in 1953 while the test explosions george and how were from operation tumbler snapper in 1952 medium lived fission products v t e nuclide t 1 2 yield q a 1 βγ a a 2 kev 155 eu 4 74 0 0803 a 3 252 βγ 85 kr 10 73 0 2180 a 4 687 βγ 113m cd 13 9 0 0008 a 3 316 β 90 sr 28 91 4 505 2826 a 5 β 137 cs 30 04 6 337 1176 β γ 121m sn 43 9 0 00005 390 βγ 151 sm 94 6 0 5314 a 3 77 β decay energy is split among β neutrino and γ if any per 65 thermal neutron fissions of 235 u and 35 of 239 pu 1 2 3 neutron poison in thermal reactors most is destroyed by further neutron capture less than 1 4 of mass 85 fission products as most bypass ground state 85 br 85m kr 85 rb has decay energy 546 kev its decay product 90 y has decay energy 2 28 mev with weak gamma branching caesium 137 along with other radioactive isotopes caesium 134 iodine 131 xenon 133 and strontium 90 were released into the environment during nearly all atmospheric nuclear weapon tests and more recently some nuclear accidents most notably the chernobyl disaster the goiânia accident and the fukushima daiichi disaster caesium 137 is produced from the nuclear fission of plutonium and uranium 19 and by observing the characteristic gamma rays emitted by this isotope one can determine whether the contents of a given sealed container were made before or after the first atomic bomb explosion trinity test 16 july 1945 which spread some of it into the atmosphere quickly distributing trace amounts of it around the globe this procedure has been used by researchers to check the authenticity of certain rare wines most notably the purported jefferson bottles 20 surface soils and sediments are also dated by measuring the activity of 137 cs nuclear bomb fallout edit bombs in the arctic area of novaja zemlja and bombs detonated in or near the stratosphere released caesium 137 that landed in upper lapland finland measurements of caesium 137 in the region in the 1960s were reportedly 45 000 becquerels figures from 2011 have a midrange of about 1 100 becquerels but no increase in cancer cases has been identified 21 22 23 chernobyl disaster edit main article chernobyl disaster as of today when and for the next few hundred years or so caesium 137 and strontium 90 continue to be the principal source of radiation in the zone of alienation around the chernobyl nuclear power plant and pose the greatest risk to health owing to their approximately 30 year half life and biological uptake an estimated area of 12 000 km² of germany is contaminated with caesium 137 following the chernobyl disaster in 1986 with surface activity of 20 to 37 kbq m 2 24 this corresponds to 1 1 of all caesium 137 released in europe after the chernobyl accident in scandinavia some reindeer and sheep exceeded the norwegian legal limit 3000 bq kg 26 years after chernobyl 25 the chernobyl caesium 137 has now decayed by more than half but could have been locally concentrated by much larger factors fukushima daiichi disaster edit main article fukushima daiichi nuclear disaster this section needs to be updated please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information august 2025 calculated caesium 137 concentration in the air after the fukushima nuclear disaster 25 march 2011 in april 2011 elevated levels of caesium 137 were also being found in the environment after the fukushima daiichi nuclear disasters in japan in july 2011 meat from 11 cows shipped to tokyo from fukushima prefecture was found to have 1530 to 3200 becquerels per kilogram of 137 cs considerably exceeding the japanese legal limit of 500 becquerels per kilogram at that time 26 in march 2013 a fish caught near the plant had a record 740 000 becquerels per kilogram of radioactive caesium above the 100 becquerels per kilogram government limit 27 a 2013 paper in scientific reports found that for a forest site 50 kilometres 30 miles from the stricken plant 137 cs concentrations were high in leaf litter fungi and detritivores but low in herbivores 28 by the end of 2014 fukushima derived radiocaesium had spread into the whole western north pacific ocean transported by the north pacific current from japan to the gulf of alaska it has been measured in the ocean surface layer down to 200 meters 660 feet and south of the current area down to 400 m 1 300 ft 29 caesium 137 is reported to be the major health concern in fukushima a number of techniques are being considered that will be able to strip out 80 to 95 of the caesium from contaminated soil and other materials efficiently and without destroying the organic material in the soil these include hydrothermal blasting further explanation needed the caesium precipitated with ferric ferrocyanide prussian blue would be the only waste requiring special burial sites 30 the aim is to get annual exposure from the contaminated environment down to 1 millisievert msv above background levels the most contaminated area where radiation doses are greater than 50 msv year must remain off limits but some areas that are currently less than 5 msv year may be decontaminated allowing 22 000 residents to return citation needed incidents and accidents edit caesium 137 gamma sources have been involved in several radiological accidents and incidents 1987 goiânia goiás brazil edit in the goiânia accident of 1987 an improperly disposed of radiation therapy system from an abandoned clinic in goiânia brazil was removed then cracked to be sold in junkyards the glowing caesium salt was then sold to curious unaware buyers 31 this led to four confirmed deaths and several serious injuries from radiation contamination 32 33 1989 kramatorsk ukraine edit the 1989 kramatorsk incident happened in 1989 when a small capsule 8 by 4 millimetres 0 3 by 0 2 inches in size of caesium 137 was found inside the concrete wall of an apartment building in kramatorsk ukrainian ssr it is believed that the capsule originally a part of a measurement device was lost in the late 1970s and ended up mixed with gravel used to construct the building in 1980 over 9 years two families had lived in the apartment by the time the capsule was discovered 6 residents of the building had died 4 from leukemia and 17 more receiving varying doses of radiation 34 1994 tammiku estonia edit the 1994 tammiku incident involved the theft of radioactive material from a nuclear waste storage facility in männiku saku parish harju county estonia three brothers unaware of the facility s nature broke into a shed while scavenging for scrap metal one of the brothers received a 4000 rad 40 gy whole body dose from a caesium 137 source that had been released from a damaged container succumbing to radiation poisoning 12 days later citation needed 1997 georgia edit in 1997 several georgian soldiers suffered radiation poisoning and burns they were eventually traced back to training sources left abandoned forgotten and unlabelled after the dissolution of the soviet union one was a caesium 137 pellet in a pocket of a shared jacket that released about 130 000 times the level of background radiation at a 1 metre 3 foot distance 35 1998 los barrios cádiz spain edit in the acerinox accident of 1998 the spanish recycling company acerinox accidentally melted down a mass of radioactive caesium 137 that came from a gamma ray generator 36 2009 tongchuan shaanxi china edit in 2009 a chinese cement company in tongchuan shaanxi province was demolishing an old unused cement plant and did not follow standards for handling radioactive materials this caused some caesium 137 from a measuring instrument to be included with eight truckloads of scrap metal on its way to a steel mill where the radioactive caesium was melted down into the steel 37 2015 university of tromsø norway edit in march 2015 the norwegian university of tromsø lost 8 radioactive samples including samples of caesium 137 americium 241 and strontium 90 the samples were moved out of a secure location to be used for education when the samples were supposed to be returned the university was unable to find them as of 4 november 2015 update the samples are still missing 38 39 2016 helsinki finland edit on 3 and 4 march 2016 unusually high levels of caesium 137 were detected in the air in helsinki finland according to finland s radiation and nuclear safety authority stuk measurements showed 4000 μbq m 3 approximately 1 000 times the usual background level a stuk investigation traced the source to a building from which stuk itself and a radioactive waste treatment company operate 40 41 2019 seattle washington united states edit thirteen people were exposed to caesium 137 in may 2019 at the research and training building in the harborview medical center complex in seattle washington a contract crew was transferring the caesium from the lab to a truck when the powder was spilled five people were decontaminated and released but eight who were more directly exposed were taken to the hospital while the research building was evacuated 42 2023 western australia australia edit further information western australian radioactive capsule incident public health authorities in western australia issued an emergency alert for a stretch of road measuring about 1 400 kilometres 870 miles after a capsule containing caesium 137 was lost in transport on 25 january 2023 the 8 millimetres 0 3 inches capsule contained a small quantity of the radioactive material when it disappeared from a truck the state government immediately launched a search with the wa department of health s chief health officer andrew robertson warning an exposed person could expect to receive the equivalent of about 10 x rays an hour experts warned if the capsule were found the public should stay at least 5 metres 16 feet away 43 the capsule was found on 1 february 2023 44 2023 prachinburi thailand edit a caesium 137 capsule went missing from a steam power plant in prachinburi province thailand on 23 february 2023 triggering a search by officials from thailand s office of atoms for peace oap and the prachinburi provincial administration however the thai public was not notified until 14 march 45 on 20 march the secretary general of the oap and the governor of prachinburi held a press conference stating that they had found caesium 137 contaminated furnace dust at a steel melting plant in kabin buri district 46 2024 khabarovsk russia edit on 5 april 2024 an emergency regime was introduced in the russian city of khabarovsk after a local resident accidentally discovered that radiation levels had jumped sharply in one of the industrial areas of the city according to volunteers of the dosimetric control group the dosimeter at the np site showed up to 800 microsieverts which is 1600 times the safe value employees of the ministry of emergency situations fenced off the area to 30 by 30 meters 100 by 100 ft where they found a capsule with caesium from a defectoscope this was placed in a protective container and taken away for disposal the incident was first reported by the novaya gazeta 47 2025 indonesia and united states edit on 18 august 2025 the united states food and drug administration fda issued a statement indicating that shipments of shrimp from indonesia had been contaminated this was only the first of several major recalls of irradiated shrimp processed by the indonesian company bahari makmur sejati bms foods 48 the source of the material was traced to a metal scrapyard in the modern cikande industrial estate near jakarta in which the company supplying the shipping containers was also based 49 see also edit commonly used gamma emitting isotopes notes edit caesium is the spelling recommended by the international union of pure and applied chemistry iupac international union of pure and applied chemistry 2005 nomenclature of inorganic chemistry iupac recommendations 2005 cambridge uk rsc iupac isbn 0 85404 438 8 pp 248 49 electronic version references edit kondev f g wang m huang w j naimi s audi g 2021 the nubase2020 evaluation of nuclear properties pdf chinese physics c 45 3 030001 doi 10 1088 1674 1137 abddae national nuclear data center nudat 3 0 database brookhaven national laboratory cesium 137 isotopic data and properties www chemlin org retrieved 27 august 2026 1 2 3 cdc radiation emergencies radioisotope brief cesium 137 cs 137 cdc retrieved 5 november 2013 cesium radiation protection us epa united states environmental protection agency 14 february 2023 retrieved 30 march 2023 cesium 137 cs 137 for oil well logging retrieved 29 june 2024 how atomic particles helped solve a wine fraud mystery npr 3 june 2014 retrieved 4 march 2015 williams h f l 1995 assessing the impact of weir construction on recent sedimentation using cesium 137 environmental 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in the u s 2000 pdf epa gov u...