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hortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia endangered sino tibetan language of southwestern china caijia menni men³¹ni³³ meŋ²¹ni³³ŋoŋ³³ pronunciation men ni meŋ ni ŋoŋ native to china region guizhou native speakers 1 000 2004 1 language family sino tibetan sinitic macro bai cai long 2 caijia language codes iso 639 3 none mis glottolog caij1234 caijia chinese 蔡家话 is an endangered sino tibetan language spoken in an area centred on bijie in the west of the chinese province of guizhou it was first documented by chinese researchers in the 1980s 2 it has been described by different authors as a relative of bai or an early split from old chinese the autonym is men³¹ni³³ according to lu 2022 caijia speakers in xingfa 兴发乡 hezhang county refer to their language as meŋ²¹ni³³ŋoŋ³³ 3 classification edit similarities among old chinese waxiang caijia and bai have been pointed out by wu shen 2010 4 and others 5 6 zhengzhang shangfang 2010 argued that bai and caijia formed a macro bai subgroup of sino tibetan 7 caijia also appears to be related to the extinct longjia and luren languages 8 but they are too poorly documented for definitive classification in contrast sagart 2011 groups caijia with waxiang a divergent chinese variety spoken in northwestern hunan 9 10 as the earliest group to split off from old chinese 11 sagart 2011 lists the following features of old chinese retained by both caijia and waxiang oc lˤ and lr caijia and waxiang l where middle chinese has d as in oc lˤiŋ 田 caijia len31 waxiang lɛ13 field oc r caijia ɣ and waxiang z where middle chinese has l as in oc mə rˤək 來 rˤə caijia ɣɯ31 waxiang zɛ13 to come sagart identifies two words as shared innovations two caijia ta55 waxiang tso53 from oc tsˤə ʔ s twice 再 milk caijia mi55 waxiang mi55 which sagart 2011 suggests is a non sinitic word distribution edit bijie prefecture within guizhou province china bijie 1983 12 reports the caijia people are found in the seven counties of bijie prefecture qixingguan dafang qianxi zhijin nayong weining and hezhang comprising a total of over 3 100 households and over 18 000 individuals bijie 1983 reports that smaller populations of caijia people are found in anshun with over 400 people and liupanshui with over 3 500 people prefectures to the southeast and southwest respectively as well as zhaoyang yiliang and zhenxiong counties in zhaotong prefecture yunnan to the northwest bijie 1983 also contains linguistic data for the caijia language of hezhang county caijia speakers are distributed in the following locations in bijie prefecture bo wenze 2004 1 lijiazhai 李家寨 xinying village 新营村 xingfa township 兴发乡 hezhang county caijiayuan 蔡家园 yakou village 垭口村 songlinpo township 松林坡乡 hezhang county lijiagou 李家沟 kele township 可乐乡 hezhang county xinfa township 新发布依族乡 weining county not to be confused with xingfa township 兴发乡 in hezhang county yinajia district 以那架区 has the most ethnic caijia in zhijin county bijie 1983 12 also reports the location of baiyanjiao 白岩脚 puweng township 普翁公社 guiguo district 桂果区 zhijin county the liupanshui city ethnic gazetteer 六盘水市志 民族志 2003 182 183 13 lists ethnic caijia populations for the following counties in the prefecture with a total of 4 061 1982 liuzhi 1 720 1981 in niuchang 牛场 xinchang 新场 heitang 黑塘 shuicheng 2 296 1982 in bide 比德 huale 化乐 qinglin 青林 jinpen 金盆 zhongshan district in dewu 德坞乡 in shuicheng county the caijia language is still spoken in chahe 叉河 jinpen township 金盆乡 13 caijiapo 蔡家坡 tujiao township 土角乡 13 caijiayuan 蔡家园 shuchang township 鼠场乡 1 in zhenxiong county yunnan the caijia people are scattered in the village cluster of sumu 苏木村 14 15 and in chuanjiu 串九 16 qinggang 青杠 17 18 liangshui 凉水 19 poji 泼机 20 nantai 南台 wugu 五谷 21 zhenxiong county gazetteer 1986 22 phonology edit lee 2021 gives the following consonants and vowels for the phonology of caijia 23 consonants labial apical retroflex palatal velar uvular glottal nasals m m n n ŋ ng stops p b t d k g q gv pʰ p tʰ t kʰ k qʰ gv b bb d dd ɡ gg affricates t͡s z ʈ͡ʂ zh t͡ɕ j t͡sʰ c ʈ͡ʂʰ ch t͡ɕʰ q d͡z zz ɖ͡ʐ dh d͡ʑ jj fricatives ɸ f s s ʂ sh ɕ x x h χ v v wf z ss ʐ rr ʑ xx ɣ hh ʁ vv ɦ vh ɬ lh sonorants l l ɭ rl w w ɹ r j y vowels front center back close ɪ i y yu ü u u mid e ea ə e o o open æ ae ɑ a lee 2021 also notes that vowels can have three additional forms long double letter nasal nn and r colored r although sources conflict consonants can additionally be glottalized or pharyngealized which of the two it is actually unclear this is presumably marked with their respective ipa symbols dialects edit guizhou 1982 lists the following two dialects of the caijia language 24 the caijia dialect documented in guizhou 1982 is that of yangjiazhai 杨家寨 liangyan village 亮岩公社 xingfa district 兴发区 hezhang county xingfa district 兴发区 hezhang county liangyan village 亮岩公社 including the main datapoint of yangjiazhai 杨家寨 yeli village 野里公社 and wocun village 窝皮寸 25 kaiping village 开坪公社 longchang district 龙场区 weining county located near xinfa township 新发布依族乡 guizhou 1982 24 notes that the an rime in caijia of xingfa 兴发 corresponds to the aŋ rime in caijia of longchang 龙场 hsiu 2018 26 reports the discovery of a previously undocumented caijia dialect that is spoken in niujiaojing 牛角井村 yangjie town 羊街镇 weining county this caijia dialect is also spoken in the villages of xinglongchang 兴隆场村 niuchishui 牛吃水 and fadi 发地 names and ethnic subdivisions edit the caijia people are ethnoculturally related to the lu 卢 people luren 卢人 who are classified as manchu by the chinese government luren lu and caijia are also closely related to longjia 龙家 27 caijia longjia and lu are all spoken in western guizhou in weining county caijia speakers are officially classified by the chinese government as ethnic gelao hsiu 2017 while in hezhang county they are classified as bai bo 2004 caijia people with the autonym menni 门尼 or 门你 have also been reported in puding county guizhou where they were classified as ethnic gelao during the 1980s zhou guoyan 2004 in zhijin county guizhou caijia people are called silie 斯列 by the local miao and awuna 阿乌纳 by the local yi zhijin county gazetteer 1997 166 ethnic subdivisions of the caijia people include the black 黑 white 白 qingshangshui 青上水 xiashui 下水 hanzhan 捍毡 zhuazhua 抓抓 datou 大头 qianqiaoba 乾乔巴 laohu 老虎 luoluo 倮倮 xuejiao 削角 xieguo 写果 and jiandao 剪刀 28 historically recorded names for the caijia include caijiazi 蔡家子 and gantan caijia 擀毡蔡家 13 the yi call the caijia sha awu 沙阿乌 the miao call them sini 斯你 13 and other ethnic groups also call them xieguo 写果 13 bijie 1983 2 3 12 lists the following autonyms and exonyms for the caijia people autonym menni 门你 ipa men31 ȵen33 yi in dafang county and zhijin county exonym xieguo awuna 阿武哪 yi in shuicheng county exonym awuna 阿乌纳 yi in weining county and weining county exonym awu 阿武 miao in weining county and weining county exonym awu 阿乌 miao in nayong county exonym sinie 斯聂 shui in puding county and zhijin county exonym louman 楼慢 buyi exonym buman 布慢 buyi in weining county exonym bu awu 布阿武 grammar edit lü 2022 is a comprehensive grammar of caijia 3 see also edit list of unrecognized ethnic groups of guizhou longjia people qixingmin people bo people china macro bai comparative vocabulary list wiktionary notes and references edit 1 2 3 bo wenze 薄文泽 2004 càijiāhuà gàikuàng 蔡家话概况 a brief introduction of caijia speech mínzú yǔwén 民族语文 2004 2 68 81 doi 10 3969 j issn 0257 5779 2004 02 012 1 2 hölzl andreas 2021 longjia china language contexts pdf language documentation and description 20 13 34 1 2 lü shanshan 吕珊珊 2022 a reference grammar of caijia an unclassified language of guizhou de gruyter mouton doi 10 1515 9783110724806 isbn 978 3 11 072480 6 s2cid 252855820 wu yunji 伍云姬 shen ruiqing 沈瑞清 2010 xiāngxī gǔzhàng wǎxiānghuà diàochá bàogào 湘西古丈瓦乡话调查报告 an investigative report of waxianghua of guzhang county xiangxi prefecture in chinese shanghai shanghai jiaoyu chubanshe xiāngxī wǎxiānghuà chīfàn róumō dúyīn láilì kǎo 湘西瓦乡话 吃饭 柔摸 读音来历考 hóuxiǎohuī de bókè 侯小辉的博客 in chinese xinlang boke 4 december 2013 retrieved 16 april 2018 yuánlíng xiānghuà chuánxī yǔ báiyǔ càijiāhuà gèbié dúyīn duìbǐ 沅陵乡话 船溪 与白语蔡家话个别读音对比 hóuxiǎohuī de bókè 侯小辉的博客 in chinese xinlang boke 4 october 2012 retrieved 16 april 2018 zhengzhang shangfang 郑张尚芳 2010 càijiāhuà báiyǔ guānxì jí cígēn bǐjiào 蔡家话白语关系及词根比较 in pan wuyun 潘悟云 shen zhongwei 沈钟伟 eds yánjiū zhī lè qìngzhù wáng shìyuán xiānshēng qīshíwǔ shòuchén xuéshù lùnwén jí 研究之乐 庆祝王士元先生七十五寿辰学术论文集 the joy of research a collection of academic papers celebrating the 75th birthday of mr wang shiyuan in chinese vol ii shanghai shanghai jiaoyu chubanshe pp 389 400 guizhou provincial ethnic classification commission 贵州省民族识别工作队 1984 report on ethnic classification issues of the nanlong people nanjing longjia 南龙人 南京 龙家 族别问题调查报告 m s baxter william sagart laurent 2014 old chinese a new reconstruction oxford oxford university press p 34 isbn 978 0 19 994537 5 kurpaska maria 2010 chinese language s a look through the prism of the great dictionary of modern chinese dialects berlin de gruyter mouton p 73 isbn 978 3 11 021914 2 sagart laurent 2011 classifying chinese dialects sinitic languages on shared innovations talk given at centre de recherches linguistiques sur l asie orientale norgent sur marne 1 2 3 bijie prefecture ethnic classification office 贵州省毕节地区民族识别办公室 1983 caijia minzu chengfen diaocha baogao 蔡家 民族成分调查报告 m s 1 2 3 4 5 6 liupanshui city ethnic gazetteer 六盘水市志 民族志 2003 182 183 isbn 7 221 05533 5 镇雄县黑树镇苏木村委会 www ynszxc gov cn archived from the original on 1 january 2018 retrieved 16 april 2018 镇雄县黑树镇苏木村委会苏木自然村 www ynszxc gov cn archived from the original on 1 january 2018 retrieved 16 april 2018 镇雄县母享镇串九村委会 www ynszxc gov cn archived from the original on 1 january 2018 retrieved 16 april 2018 镇雄县鱼洞乡青杠村委会 www ynszxc gov cn archived from the original on 1 january 2018 retrieved 16 april 2018 镇雄县鱼洞乡青杠村委会青杠自然村 www ynszxc gov cn archived from the original on 1 january 2018 retrieved 16 april 2018 镇雄县塘房镇凉水村委会 www ynszxc gov cn archived from the original on 1 january 2018 retrieved 16 april 2018 http www ynszxc gov cn go aspx did 489 dead link 镇雄县乌峰镇五谷村委会 archived from the original on 2 march 2014 retrieved 26 february 2014 yúnnán hé guìzhōu duìyú chuānqīngrén nánjīngrén lóngjiā de shìbié dàxiāngjìngtíng 云南和贵州对于穿青人 南京人 龙家的识别大相径庭 liyuzhi de bókè liyuzhi 的博客 in chinese xinlang boke 14 august 2010 archived from the original on 2 march 2014 retrieved 16 april 2018 lee man hei 2023 phonological features of caijia that are notable from a diachronic perspective journal of historical linguistics 13 82 114 doi 10 1075 jhl 21025 lee s2cid 252558124 1 2 guizhou provincial ethnic classification commission linguistic division 贵州省民族识别工作队语言组 1982 the language of the caijia caijia de yuyan 蔡家的语言 m s note 皮寸 form a single character with 皮 on the left and 寸 on the right hsiu andrew 2018 the niujiaojing dialect of caijia in weining county guizhou china manuscript draft doi 10 5281 zenodo 1249165 guizhou province gazetteer ethnic gazetteer 贵州省志 民族志 2002 guiyang guizhou ethnic publishing house 貴州民族出版社 白族家园 讲义寨_liyuzhi_新浪博客 blog sina com cn retrieved 16 april 2018 https web archive org web 20110512204947 http lingweb eva mpg de numeral caijia htm bo wenze 薄文泽 2004 a brief introduction of caijia speech 蔡家话概况 minzu yuwen http d wanfangdata com cn periodical_mzyw200402012 aspx further reading edit bijie prefecture ethnic classification office 贵州省毕节地区民族识别办公室 1983 caijia minzu chengfen diaocha baogao 蔡家 民族成分调查报告 m s guizhou provincial ethnic classification commission linguistic division 贵州省民族识别工作队语言组 1982 the language of the caijia caijia de yuyan 蔡家的语言 m s guizhou provincial ethnic classification commission 贵州省民族识别工作队 1984 report on ethnic classification issues of the nanlong people nanjing longjia 南龙人 南京 龙家 族别问题调查报告 m s hsiu andrew 2013 new endangered tibeto burman languages of southwestern china mondzish longjia pherbu and others presented at icstll 46 dartmouth college doi 10 5281 zenodo 1127796 hsiu andrew 2018 the niujiaojing dialect of caijia in weining county guizhou china manuscript draft doi 10 5281 zenodo 1249165 lee man hei 26 september 2022 phonological features of caijia that are notable from a diachronic perspective journal of historical linguistics 13 1 john benjamins publishing company 82 114 doi 10 1075 jhl 21025 lee issn 2210 2116 s2cid 252558124 lee man hei 2021 supplementary material sagart 250 concept list for caijia data set in journal of historical linguistics 1 0 doi 10 5281 zenodo 5544121 zhao weifeng 赵卫峰 2011 history of the bai people of guizhou 贵州白族史略 yinchuan china ningxia people s press 宁夏人民出版社 isbn 978 7 227 04678 3 external links edit caijia people permanent dead link 沅陵乡话 船溪 与白语蔡家话个别读音对比 v t e sino tibetan languages sinitic chinese mandarin yue hakka min wu hui gan xiang jin pinghua bai cai long caijia longjia luren tibeto burman bodish tibetan central amdo khams dzongkha ladakhi balti lahuli spiti kyirong kagate sherpa jirel east bodish tshangla basum nam burmo qiangic lolo burmese burmish burmese standard intha danu rakhine tavoyan achang lhao vo lashi zaiwa mondzish loloish qiangic gyalrongic ersuic naic greater magaric magaric magar kham chepangic chepang bhujel raji raute dura tandrange naga ao angami pochuri meitei tangkhulic western naga zeliangrong sal boro garo konyak jingpho luish gongduk ʼole kho bwa puroik tani chamdo tujia nungish karenic gong kathu west himalayish tamangic newaric newar baram thangmi kiranti dhimalish dhimal toto lhokpu lepcha karbi kuki chin miju mruic mru hkongso pyu taman bailang proposed groupings central tibeto burman kuki chin naga macro bai mahakiranti rung tibeto kanauri proto languages proto sino tibetan proto tibeto burman proto loloish proto karenic proto min proto hakka italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches authority control databases gnd retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title caijia_language oldid 1359233641 categories languages of guizhou cai long languages tonal languages endangered sino tibetan languages hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata use dmy dates from december 2025 articles containing uncoded language text pages with plain ipa articles containing chinese language text cs1 uses chinese language script zh cs1 chinese language sources zh all articles with dead external links articles with dead external links from march 2022 articles with dead external links from november 2023 articles with permanently dead external links this page was last edited on 14 june 2026 at 00 34 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and 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