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imagery is primarily represented by brian wilson and the beach boys who are credited for the sound s instigation via their debut single surfin in 1961 7 8 along with jan and dean the beach boys encapsulated surfing hot rod culture and youthful innocence within music which transformed a local lifestyle into american mythology 9 other proponents included songwriters and or record producers gary usher curt boettcher bruce johnston terry melcher and roger christian the california sound gradually evolved to reflect a more musically ambitious and mature worldview becoming less to do with surfing and cars and more about social consciousness and political awareness 10 between 1964 and 1969 it fueled innovation and transition inspiring artists to tackle largely unmentioned themes such as sexual freedom black pride drugs oppositional politics other countercultural motifs and war 11 12 it helped launch the 1960s folk rock scene 13 represented by groups such as the byrds the mamas and the papas buffalo springfield and crosby stills nash who became associated with the los angeles neighborhood of laurel canyon 14 15 the california sound eventually saw its commercial peak in the 1970s hits of the eagles 13 a derivative form of the california sound was later classified as sunshine pop 16 17 origins edit the beach boys in a promotional shot used for their 1964 single i get around the beach boys surfin u s a author luis sanchez writes if surfin u s a the album didn t literally transform america into an endless beach it added vivid dimension to california mythos and took it further than anyone would have thought 18 problems playing this file see media help further information youth culture and californian beach culture the genesis of the california sound is said to be the beach boys debut single surfin in 1961 19 6 20 21 while the band s leader brian wilson then collaborated with jan berry for several hit singles written and produced for other artists they recorded what would later be regarded as the california sound 22 23 university of southern california history professor kevin starr has stated that the band was historically important for embodying the era of the silent generation which he described as unpolitical 24 he explained that the group could not help but mythologize a landscape and way of life that was already so surreal so proto mythic in its setting cars and the beach surfing the california girl all this fused in the alembic of youth here was a way of life an iconography already half released into the chords and multiple tracks of a new sound 8 the california sound was thus a musical translation of the california myth 25 in the book pioneers of rock and roll 100 artists who changed the face of rock harry sumrall summarized the beach boys virtually defined the image of surfers hot rods sun beaches girls and fun fun fun that became the california myth the titles of their songs said it as well as anything surfin u s a little deuce coupe surfer girl fun fun fun dance dance dance and california girls with these hits and others the group s bassist and songwriter brian wilson created a new sound in rock and roll it was called the surf sound but in fact it was a combination of older rock verities set in entirely new lyrical and musical contexts 26 the beach boys surf music was not entirely of their own invention being preceded by artists such as dick dale 27 however previous surf musicians did not project a worldview as the beach boys did 28 wilson once said of its myth it s not just the surfing it s the outdoors and cars and sunshine it s the society of california it s the way of california 29 al jardine of the beach boys argued that it s not entirely a myth there are still some elements that are certainly true especially for a first time observer but to be able to come here and to drive that coast on route 1 you experience the water and the animals and the sea life the whole thing it s really magical it really is 30 capitol records staff producer nick venet who worked with the group early on believed that most of the group s lyrical inspiration was drawn from hollywood films 31 allmusic s review of the group s all summer long calls it a potent example of the california myth s idyllic dream world of sun surf and fun while containing qualities of sunshine pop 32 author luis sanchez believes that the entirety of the album all summer long 1964 was the nearest the beach boys ever got to a perfect version of the california myth 33 david howard wrote that don t worry baby was a subtle harbinger for the growing dichotomy within the california sound while i get around symbolized the sunshine ideal in all its carefree splendor don t worry baby suggested something entirely more pensive and even slightly dark underneath its pristine facade 23 cultural expansion edit the beach boys continued expanding their version of the california myth until it could no longer be confined to pop music terrain transcending the limits of genre commercial expectations and geography 3 aiding this was wilson s successes with collaborator gary usher the duo helped create a major new market revolving around the california sound allowing musicians bruce johnston who would later join the beach boys and terry melcher to turn their attention to the rip chords a group who then had hits with the hot rod themed hey little cobra and pseudo surf summer means fun 34 historian matthew allan ides wrote the writing duo of gary usher and roger christian like that of terry melcher and bruce johnston provided most of the lyrics production and promotion to the vocal pop music that like instrumental surf music became associated with southern california youth culture ironically both usher and christian had come to california from the east coast in the late 1950s and neither had much experience with surfing or local youth nonetheless usher and christian translated their impressions of teen life in southern california into lyrics usher s songs included in my room and the lonely surfer and christian s hits numbered surf city little old lady from pasadena and don t worry baby 35 historian kirse granat may describes the cultural reverberation of both surfing culture and the california sound by 1965 with the help of the california sound the national diffusion of the surfing subculture was complete it became a mainstream advertising image keyed into california s youthfulness as an element of the marketing picture pepsi used images of surfers and this pun board members of the pepsi generation surfing appeared on television sitcoms like gidget and even entered the plots of shows like dr kildare in the wake of the surfing craze and the emergence of the california sound american international pictures aip produced beach and surfing movies for appreciative teenage audiences reinforcing marketable images the beach party films exploited on the big screen what the beach boys set to music 36 touching specifically on the difference between the beach boys album surfin u s a 1963 and others exploitation of california themes luis sanchez writes you could call the beach boys version of southern california cutesy or callow or whatever but what matters is that it captured a lack of self consciousness a genuineness that set them apart from their peers and it was this quality that came to define brian s oeuvre as he moved beyond and into bigger pop productions that would culminate in smile 18 development and decline edit the mamas the papas california dreamin the mamas the papas 1965 single california dreamin supplemented the california myth 29 problems playing this file see media help terry melcher left with the byrds gene clark and david crosby the california sound soon developed to incorporate the 1960s folk rock innovations of the byrds and the mamas and the papas 14 melcher soon worked with the byrds producing their 1965 folk rock single mr tambourine man 37 38 its recording was based on brian wilson s production approach to don t worry baby 38 melcher s commercially golden formula with the byrds was immediately co opted by many los angeles based recording artists such as the turtles the leaves sonny cher and barry mcguire buffalo springfield also helped to pioneer the california sound begetting crosby stills nash and influencing the eagles 39 the lyricism behind the california sound gradually became less to do with surfing and cars and more about social consciousness and political awareness 38 in bill flanagan s view after the beach boys epitomized the california sound crosby stills nash ratified it 21 arnold shaw summarized in the rock revolution 1969 the california sound went from one extreme to another from be true to your school to let s freak out from the surf sound to fuzztone and feedback from celebration of the open road to a search for strange inner experiences from the thrill of speed to liberation through sensory overload from the excitement of bodily motion to the explosiveness of mind expanding drugs and from the beach boys to the mothers of invention a process in which the boys themselves underwent an audible if not visible transformation 40 the result of wilson s increasingly artistic interpretations of pop music form helped transform the california sound into a more musically ambitious and mature worldview 41 in september 1965 wilson was quoted saying i hate so called surfin music it s a name that people slap on any sound from california our music is rightfully the beach boy sound if one has to label it 42 by 1966 wilson had already begun moving away from the supposed lightweight themes that had established his group s image 43 44 expressing a willingness to get out of the eisenhower mindset as told by collaborator van dyke parks 43 meanwhile gary usher was enlisted by the byrds to helm their transitional 1967 release younger than yesterday which incorporated folk rock jazz influenced pop novelty space rock and colorful psychedelia 45 according to the irish mirror singer songwriter david crosby a founding member of both the byrds and later crosby stills nash helped shape the california sound which became popular in the 1970s 46 in howard s description one can view the evolution of the california sunshine sound as a mirror of the evolution of the 1960s commencing with its post eisenhower narrative and insulated complacency the early california sound was predicated on wilson usher and melcher s simple fun in the sun ideals 41 it ran into decline by the end of the 1960s due to the west coast s cultural shifts occurring in tandem with the psychological descent of wilson and melcher s associations with the manson murders with howard calling it the sunset of the original california sunshine sound the sweetness advocated by the california myth had led to chilling darkness and unsightly rot 47 1970s and revivals edit see also yacht rock and chillwave according to flanagan by the 1970s the spirit of the california sound was kept fresh by singer songwriters such as lowell george jackson browne tom waits and rickie lee jones while avoiding what flanagan called the sound s clichés 21 the providence journal credited the eagles formed in los angeles in the early 1970s with embodying the melodic california sound that decade 48 robbie woliver of the new york times stated that eagles co founder don henley defined the california sound of the 1970s 49 according to uncut their country rock debut album eagles 1972 helped define the southern california sound of the early 1970s 50 in november 2009 pitchfork ran an editorial feature which mentioned the beach boys as a looming figure throughout that summer s indie music scene termed the summer of chillwave elaborating that it is not to say that any of this music sounds like the beach boys or even tries to the beach boys exist in this music in an abstracted form an idea rather than a sound as it s often been summertime now is about disorientation should have taken acid with you the sun was high and so am i you take the fantasy of their music the cars the sand the surf add a dollop of melancholy and a smudge of druggy haze and you have some good music for being alone in a room with only a computer to keep you company 51 paste magazine credited a 2010s revival of surf rock and the california sound to the success of bands such as best coast dum dum girls and wavves 52 genres edit surf music edit main article surf music the california sound is sometimes referred to interchangeably with surf music 19 folk rock edit main article folk rock california folk rockers included the byrds barry mcguire and the mamas the papas 37 sunshine pop edit main article sunshine pop efforts by curt boettcher in 1966 created an offshoot of the california sound directed toward sunshine pop 53 other california sounds edit main articles bakersfield sound and san francisco sound some areas within the state of california are connected to their own distinguished sounds including the san francisco sound san francisco 1960s 54 and the bakersfield sound bakersfield 1950s 55 ides noted the los angeles sound as popularized in the mainstream obscured or disregarded the contributions made by the working class the nonwhite and women 56 in a flavorwire article which asks what is the quintessential california sound the journal lists 30 of what it considers the most californian albums ever made elaborating that the sound itself is important but it s the lifestyles behind these scenes that come to define the music 2 in alphabetical order the artists mentioned are crosby stills nash young dead kennedys fleetwood mac germs green day guns n roses jefferson airplane joni mitchell kendrick lamar love mötley crüe n w a no doubt queens of the stone age red hot chili peppers sly and the family stone snoop dogg the beach boys the doors the go go s the grateful dead the offspring tupac shakur and x 2 notes edit a genre according to michael roffman 1 and a lifestyle according to jillian mapes 2 references edit michael roffman june 2 2015 film review love mercy consequence of sound 1 2 3 mapes jillian may 7 2015 30 of the most californian albums ever made flavorwire 1 2 sanchez 2014 pp 13 14 howard 2004 p 61 howard 2004 p 49 50 1 2 howard 2004 p 49 howard 2004 p 51 1 2 starr 2009 carter dale 2021 09 02 band of the free the beach boys as an american national interest rock music studies 8 3 187 204 doi 10 1080 19401159 2021 1983985 issn 1940 1159 s2cid 239604025 howard 2004 pp 61 62 83 shuker 1994 p 35 mcafee ward m r reginald 1 september 2007 never an island a history of california wildside press llc pp 169 isbn 978 0 89370 909 9 1 2 morris chris june 15 1996 rhino chronicles california sound billboard retrieved 27 january 2023 1 2 vasudevan varsha 24 may 2019 echo in the canyon chronicles the birth of the iconic california sound in the mecca of folk rock music media entertainment arts worldwide retrieved 27 january 2023 goggans difranco 2004 p 358 59 wheadon bret the california sound the beach boys the compl...