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a accepted only 2 000 refugees from germany 21 world war ii edit main article canada in world war ii a week after the king of great britain declared war on germany canada followed suit with a vote in parliament there was no debate the vote was unanimous but for one pacifist the delay was to validate canada s independent decision in terms of its new freedom in foreign policy 22 despite repeated requests from ottawa london and washington refused to share major decision making with ottawa 23 canada s combat roles centred in the north atlantic and later in italy and northwestern europe in all some 1 1 million canadians served in the canadian army royal canadian navy royal canadian air force and in other forces with 42 000 killed and another 55 000 wounded financial cost including loans and gifts to britain was 22 billion unlike the first world war the homefront was not bitterly divided 24 canadian forces played a major role in the invasion of the continent with special responsibility in 1944 45 for the liberation of the netherlands canadian forces initially took part in the occupation of germany as part of the british occupation force but in may 1946 mackenzie king pulled out all of the canadian forces in europe 25 postwar edit canada played very little role in the postwar occupation of germany when asked by britain to provide transport planes and air crews for the berlin blockade of 1948 canada refused however under the enthusiastic leadership of liberal prime minister louis st laurent it did join nato in 1949 despite opposition from some intellectuals the far left and many french canadians 26 a guard of honour provided by the 1st battalion the canadian guards during the visit of west german chancellor ludwig erhard to ottawa in 1964 the outbreak of the korean war led to a major war scare on both sides of the atlantic in 1950 51 at the time there was a widespread belief that the north korean invasion of south korea was a feint intended to have the american forces bogged down in korea to prepare the way for a soviet invasion of west germany 27 when china entered the korean war pushing back the united nations forces the largest of which was the american contingent there were grave fears that the world was on the brink of world war iii 27 on 16 january 1951 the nato supreme allied commander general dwight d eisenhower visited ottawa to ask canada for help 27 significantly in his talks with general guy simonds eisenhower was more concerned about germany than korea saying he wanted more canadian forces to go to the former rather than the latter eisenhower s visit ended with st laurent promising to send two canadian divisions to west germany 28 simonds wrote at the time that since the shipping was not available to move two divisions to europe the canadians best be there before world war iii started 28 ultimately for reasons of cost and the unwillingness to impose conscription led canada cut back its forces in west germany to a brigade instead of the promised two divisions 28 instead it was promised that two divisions would be sent to west germany in the event of world war three despite simonds s statement that canada did not the necessary shipping to send two divisions to west germany 28 the st laurent government supported west german rearmament a hugely controversial subject in the 1950s as the best way to shift the burden of defending west germany onto the germans 29 the decision to send a brigade to west germany was intended at least in part to reassure domestic fears in canada about west german rearmament and to allow canada a greater say in nato 30 after the war scare caused by the korean war passed canadian officials increasingly came to the conclusion that it was unlikely that the soviet union would ever invade west germany and the purpose of the brigade came to be more political than military 31 it was privately admitted that a single brigade was too small to make any serious difference in the event of the red army actually invading west germany but the mere existence of the brigade allowed canada a greater weight in dealings with both the united states and the western european states than it otherwise would have possessed 32 canada vs european community edit the founding of the european economic community eec in 1957 led to new tensions the founding members of the eec were france west germany italy belgium the netherlands and luxembourg the eec followed a protectionist policy and a recurring canadian complaint was that the eec s tariffs made canadian goods uncompetitive in the eec markets 33 given that canada had sent a brigade to defend west germany many canadian officials echoed the american complaints that the eec should lower tariffs on goods from north america 33 in 1958 the canadian ambassador in bonn charles ritchie submitted a note of protest to the west german chancellor konrad adenauer against the eec s protectionist policy which he stated was causing much ill will in canada and asked adenauer to use his influence with the eec to lower the tariffs 34 during a visit to bonn in 1959 the canadian defense minister george pearkes threatened to pull the canadian brigade out of west germany unless the eec lowered its tariffs on canadian goods 35 on 3 april 1969 the canadian prime minister pierre trudeau cut canada s nato forces in europe by 50 32 good terms between canada and germany edit in the 1970s canadian west german relations were unusually friendly and close due to the friendship between the prime minister pierre trudeau and the chancellor helmut schmidt 36 john g h halstead the canadian ambassador in bonn stated that the no tanks no trade dispute said to have occurred at a 1975 trudeau schmidt summit was a myth 36 however the summit did end with schmidt promising to lobby the eec to lower tariffs on canadian goods in exchange for a promise from trudeau to spend more on nato 37 schmidt told trudeau that he wanted closer relations with canada saying he envisioned west germany as having two north american partners instead of one 37 a major aspect of trudeau s foreign policy in the 1970s was to seek a rebalancing of the canadian economy by seeking to trade more with the eec and japan as a way to reduce american economic leverage over canada schmidt s declaration of support for the rebalancing was greatly welcomed in ottawa 37 trudeau further had the canadian army buy 128 west german built leopard tanks in order to booster the west german arms industry over the opposition of the finance department which felt buying the tanks was wasteful 38 on 17 september 1991 the canadian defense minister marcel masse announced that canada would be pulling out its brigade in germany by 1995 unless the germans wanted the brigade to remain 39 ultimately the brigade left two years earlier than planned with all the canadian forces leaving germany on 30 july 1993 40 east germany edit canada established diplomatic relations with the german democratic republic on 1 august 1975 the gdr s legation to canada was resident at the east german embassy in washington d c until 1987 when gdr opened an embassy in ottawa 41 canada s diplomatic mission to the gdr was accredited to the canadian embassy in warsaw canada had been considering locations in east berlin to open an embassy in october 1989 42 only weeks before the fall of the berlin wall relations between canada and the gdr ended after the reunification of germany and the gdr s embassy in ottawa was closed missions edit see also embassy of canada in berlin embassy of germany in ottawa and list of canadian ambassadors to germany in addition to its embassy in ottawa germany maintains consulates in toronto montreal and vancouver additional diplomats responsible for specialized files are also accredited from washington trade edit in 2006 germany was the sixth ranked destination of canadian exports 0 9 43 and sixth ranked source of imports to canada 2 81 44 migration edit main article german canadians 10 of canadians claim some german heritage see also edit canada portal germany portal politics portal foreign relations of canada foreign relations of germany comprehensive economic and trade agreement references edit sarty hadley 1991 p 22 24 sarty hadley 1991 p 15 16 sarty hadley 1991 p 47 röhl 2013 p 598 1 2 sarty hadley 1991 p 25 26 sarty hadley 1991 p 27 28 sarty hadley 1991 p 29 bloch 1992 p 8 michael digby burn bomb destroy the german sabotage campaign in north america 1914 1917 casemate 2021 david mackenzie ed canada and the first world war 2005 p 276 1 2 3 4 macmillan 2001 p 187 graham fry 1999 pp 300 305 teigrob 2019 p 235 stacey c p 1980 the divine mission mackenzie king and hitler canadian historical review 61 4 502 512 doi 10 3138 chr 061 04 03 teigrob 2019 p 12 1 2 3 ascher 2012 p 84 1 2 3 4 5 ascher 2012 p 85 ascher 2012 pp 85 86 ascher 2012 p 86 ascher 2012 p 83 bergen 2012 p 36 c p stacey canada and the age of conflict volume 2 1921 1948 the mackenzie king era u of toronto press 1981 j l granatstein canada s war the politics of the mackenzie king government 1939 1945 2nd ed 1990 pp 294 326 327 granatstein canada s war pp 419 420 campbell 2013 p 12 james eayrs in defence of canada volume 4 growing up allied 1980 pp 38 60 1 2 3 morton 1999 p 236 1 2 3 4 morton 1999 p 237 campbell 2013 p 64 65 campbell 2013 p 77 78 campbell 2013 p 145 180 1 2 campbell 2013 p 180 1 2 campbell 2013 p 82 83 campbell 2013 p 82 campbell 2013 p 171 1 2 bothwell granatstein 2017 p 108 1 2 3 bothwell granatstein 1991 p 253 bothwell granatstein 1991 p 253 255 morton 1999 p 276 morton 1999 p 277 richards huw 31 march 1988 canada gains higher profile in east germany the globe and mail b10 best patrick 5 october 1989 east german embassy celebrating nation s 40th birthday ottawa citizen a18 canada germany pdf library of parliament parliament of canada 2013 p 1 retrieved 2 november 2025 canada trade summary 2006 wits world bank retrieved 2 november 2025 further reading edit further information german canadians bibliography and german canadians further reading adam thomas ed germany and the america culture politics and history 3 vol 2006 bassler gerhard p vikings to u boats the german experience in newfoundland and labrador mcgill queen s press mqup 2006 online review helling rudolf a a socio economic history of german canadians they too founded canada a research report wiesbaden f steiner verlag 1984 online review lehmann heinz the german canadians 1750 1937 immigration settlement and culture 1986 the major scholarly study listing mclaughlin k m the germans in canada canadian historical association 1985 magocsi paul ed encyclopedia of canada s peoples 1999 pp 587 612 maxwell alexander and sacha e davis germanness beyond germany collective identity in german diaspora communities german studies review 39 1 2016 1 15 morton desmond 1999 a military history of canada toronto mcclelland stewart wagner jonathan a history of migration from germany to canada 1850 1939 ubc press 2006 wilhelmy jean pierre soldiers for sale german mercenaries with the british in canada during the american revolution 1776 83 2013 excerpt 1900 1933 edit grams grant german emigration to canada the support of its deutschtum during the weimar republic the role of the deutsches ausland institut verein fur das deutschtum in ausland german canadian organisations peter lang 2001 grams grant w the deportation of german nationals from canada 1919 to 1939 journal of international migration and integration revue de l integration et de la migration internationale 11 2 2010 219 237 lawson robert december 2007 ribbentrop in canada 1910 to 1914 a note international history review xxix 4 821 832 doi 10 1080 07075332 2007 9641142 s2cid 159731198 macmillan margaret 2001 paris 1919 six months that changed the world new york random house isbn 9780307432964 röhl john 2013 wilhelm ii into the abyss of war and exile 1900 1941 cambridge cambridge university press isbn 9781107728967 sarty roger hadley michael 1991 tin pots and pirate ships canadian naval forces and german sea raiders 1880 1918 montreal mcgill university press isbn 9780773507784 1933 1945 edit ascher abraham 2012 was hitler a riddle western democracies and national socialism stanford stanford university press isbn 9780804784597 bergen doris 2012 social death and international isolation jews in nazi germany 1933 1939 in ruth klein ed nazi germany canadian responses confronting antisemitism in the shadow of war montreal mcgill university press pp 3 45 isbn 9780773587373 bloch michael 1992 ribbentrop new york crown point isbn 0 517 59310 6 graham fry michael 1999 agents and structures the dominions and the czechoslovak crisis september 1938 in igor lukes erik goldstein eds the munich crisis 1938 prelude to world war ii london frank cass pp 293 321 isbn 0 7146 8056 7 grams grant w the deportation of german nationals from canada 1919 to 1939 journal of international migration and integration revue de l integration et de la migration internationale 11 2 2010 219 237 grams grant w coming home to the third reich return migration of german nationals from the united states and canada 1933 1941 mcfarland 2021 granatstein j l canada s war the politics of the mackenzie king government 1939 1945 2nd ed 1990 hadley michael l u boats against canada german submarines in canadian waters 1985 in wwii james patrick nelson michaud and marc o reilly eds handbook of canadian foreign policy 2006 milner marc north atlantic run the royal canadian navy and the battle for the convoys 1985 sarty roger f canada and the battle of the atlantic 1998 online for world war ii teigrob robert 2019 four days in hitler s germany mackenzie king s mission to avert a second world war toronto university of toronto press isbn 9781487505509 after 1945 edit bothwell robert granatstein jack 1991 pirouette pierre trudeau and canadian foreign policy toronto university of toronto press isbn 9780802068736 bothwell robert granatstein jack 2017 trudeau s world insiders reflect on foreign policy trade and defence 1968 84 vancouver university of british columbia press isbn 978 0774836401 campbell isabel 2013 unlikely diplomats the canadian brigade in germany 1951 64 university of british columbia press online review grams grant w t o f herzer and his work with german speaking immigration to canada journal of the canadian church historical society fall 2006 maloney sean m war without battles canada s nato brigade in germany 1951 1993 mcgraw hill ryerson 1997 rempel roy counterweights the failure of canada s german and european policy 1955 1995 1996 external links edit canadian embassy in berlin german embassy in ottawa v t e foreign relations of canada bilateral africa algeria burkina faso dr congo egypt ethiopia ivory coast kenya lesotho libya madagascar mali morocco mozambique namibia nigeria senegal sierra leone south africa americas argentina bahamas barbados belize brazil chile colombia costa rica cuba 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