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o the indigenous inhabitants of tenerife they are most probably descendants of the berbers of morocco and algeria 7 8 9 at the beginning of the 15th century the canary islands were conquered by castile in 1402 the castilians began to subdue and suppress the indigenous guanche population the guanches were initially enslaved 10 and gradually absorbed as a result genetic analyses of modern canarians show mainly a mixture of predominant european and north african genes with low frequencies of sub saharan genes sometimes with substantial variation between individuals see ancestry following subsequent european settlement the remaining guanches were gradually assimilated by the settlers and their culture largely vanished alonso fernández de lugo conqueror of tenerife and la palma oversaw extensive european immigration to these two islands during a short period from the late 1490s to the 1520s at subsequent judicial enquiries fernández de lugo was accused of favoring genoese and portuguese immigrants over castilians 11 ancestry edit the overall genome of the canary islands shows a major iberian contribution 62 78 a substantial maghrebian contribution 23 38 and a minor sub saharan african input 3 12 in the maternal line mitochondrial dna the iberian contribution drops to between 48 and 55 guanche mothers heavily influenced early interbreeding accounting for about half of the maternal line in contrast the paternal line y chromosome is overwhelmingly iberian ranging from 83 to more than 90 13 14 while early immigrants from south europe and north africa shaped the base population of the canary islands the dominant iberian genetic ancestry was primarily portuguese 15 best illustrated by surnames 16 followed by galicians 15 and andalusians 17 although the latter exerted the most profound impact on the emerging dialect this was largely because from the late 15th century onward the port of seville served as the mandatory transit point for all migrants departing for the canary islands under the spanish crown 18 population genetics edit canarian women singing in gran canaria 1972 uniparental markers edit the most frequent maternal descent mtdna haplogroup in canary islands is h 37 6 followed by u6 14 0 t 12 7 not u6 u 10 3 and j 7 0 haplogroups h and u6 account for more than 50 of the individuals frequencies of sub saharan maternal l haplogroups 6 6 are also consistent with the historical records on introduction of sub saharan female slave labour on the canary islands however small percentages of 19 sub saharan female lineages can also be found in certain north african populations see trans saharan slave trade and as a result some of these l lineages could have been introduced to the islands from the maghreb 20 21 a 2009 study of dna extracted from the remains of the canary islands indigenous inhabitants found that 7 of lineages were haplogroup l which leaves open the possibility that these l lineages were part of the founding populations of the canary islands 22 sub saharan female lineages have been found in frequencies of 10 or more on some of the canary islands a 2003 genetics research article by nicole maca meyer et al published in the european journal of human genetics compared aboriginal guanche mtdna collected from canarian archaeological sites to that of today s canarians and concluded that despite the continuous changes suffered by the population spanish colonization slave trade aboriginal mtdna lineages constitute a considerable proportion 42 73 of the canarian gene pool according to this article both percentages are obtained using two different estimation methods nevertheless according to the same study the percentage that could be more reliable is the one of 73 23 painting of bimbache of el hierro by leonardo torriani 1592 although the berbers are the most probable ancestors of the guanches it is deduced that important human movements e g the islamic arabic conquest of the berbers have reshaped northwest africa after the migratory wave to the canary islands the results support from a maternal perspective the supposition that since the end of the 16th century at least two thirds of the canarian population had an indigenous substrate as was previously inferred from historical and anthropological data 24 mtdna haplogroup u subclade u6b1 is a canarian specific localized branch of the u6b halogroup mediterranean northwest africa 25 24 26 a 2019 genetics research article states that most lineages observed in the ancient samples have a mediterranean distribution and belong to lineages associated with the neolithic expansion in the near east and europe t j x the first of its kind this phylogeographic analysis of canarian ancient mitogenomes shows that some lineages are restricted to central north africa h1cf j2a2d and t2c1d3 while others have wider distributions including the west north africa and central north africa both parts of the maghreb and in some cases europe and the near east u6a1a1 u6a7a1 u6b x3a u6c1 27 canary islanders in tenerife by alfred diston 1828 y dna or y chromosomal direct paternal lineages were not analysed in this study however an earlier which study giving the aboriginal y dna contribution at 6 was cited by maca meyer et al but the results were criticized as possibly flawed due to the widespread phylogeography of y dna haplogroup e1b1b1b which may skew determination of the aboriginality versus coloniality of contemporary y dna lineages in the canaries regardless maca meyer et al state that historical evidence does support the explanation of strong sexual asymmetry as a result of a strong bias favoring matings between european males and aboriginal females and to the important aboriginal male mortality during the conquest 28 according to a 2009 study by fregel et al the genetic ancestry of the canary islands males is mainly of european origin nearly 67 of the haplogroups resulting from are euro eurasian r1a 2 76 r1b 50 62 j 14 i 9 66 and g 3 99 unsurprisingly the castillian conquest brought the genetic base of the current male population of the canary islands nevertheless the second most important haplogroup origin is north african e1b1b 14 including 8 30 of the typical berber haplogroup e m81 e1b1a and e1a 1 50 and t 3 haplogroups are present at a rate of 33 29 30 according to the same study the presence of autochthonous north african e m81 lineages and also other relatively abundant markers e m78 and j m267 from the same region in the indigenous guanche population strongly points to that area north africa as the most probable origin of the guanche ancestors in this study fregel et al estimated that based on y chromosome and mtdna haplogroup frequencies the relative female and male indigenous guanche contributions to the present day canary islands populations were respectively of 41 8 and 16 1 29 mitochondrial dna edit a genetic study analyzing the modern day canarian population showed a prevalence of european maternal lineages in canary islanders followed by northwest african ancestry in all islands except la gomera island nw african mtdna sample size u6 l total la gomera 46 50 01 10 86 60 87 el hierro 32 21 88 12 49 34 37 lanzarote 49 20 40 8 16 28 56 gran canaria 80 11 25 10 21 25 tenerife 174 12 09 7 45 19 54 la palma 68 17 65 1 47 19 12 fuerteventura 42 16 66 2 38 19 04 31 a mithocondrial dna analysis of ancient around 1000 years old guanche remains indirectly estimated the current maternal northwest african lineage to be higher than european mtdna north african european sub saharan canary islands 32 50 2 43 2 6 6 a mithocondrial dna study that analyzed the teeth of the xviii century canary islanders showed more presence of northwest african maternal ancestry than european mtdna north african european sub saharan canary islands 33 73 21 5 5 5 autosomal dna edit an autosomal study in 2011 found an average northwest african influence of about 17 in canary islanders with a wide interindividual variation ranging from 0 to 96 according to the authors the substantial northwest african ancestry found for canary islanders supports that despite the aggressive conquest by castile in the 15th century and the subsequent immigration genetic footprints of the first settlers of the canary islands persist in the current inhabitants paralleling mtdna findings the largest average northwest african contribution was found for the samples from la gomera 34 island n average nw african ancestry la gomera 7 42 50 fuerteventura 10 21 60 la palma 7 21 00 el hierro 7 19 80 lanzarote 13 16 40 tenerife 30 14 30 gran canaria 30 12 40 total canary islanders 104 17 40 triangle plot of individual genomic admixture proportions in canary islanders by guillen guio et al 2018 35 eur european naf north african ssa sub saharan african each dots represent individuals the different colors represent the different software used for the estimation another study by guillen guio et al 2018 sequenced the entire genomes of a sample of 400 adult men and women from all the islands except la graciosa to determine the relationship of canarian genetic diversity to the more frequent complex pathologies in the archipelago the study indicated that canarian dna shows distinctive genetic markers the result of a combination of factors such as the geographic isolation of the islands the adaption to the environment of its inhabitants and the historic admixture of the pre hispanic population of the archipelago coming from north africa with european and from sub saharan area individuals drawing on these data it was estimated that the canarian population is on average at an autosomal level 75 european 22 north african and 3 sub saharan 36 according to the authors the proportion of ssa ancestry we observed in canary islanders likely originated in the postconquest importation of enslaved african people this study reported the below genomic ancestry proportions in canary islanders 35 genomic ancestry proportions in canary islanders island north african sub saharan african min mean max min mean max fuerteventura 0 218 0 255 0 296 0 011 0 027 0 046 lanzarote 0 214 0 254 0 296 0 014 0 032 0 057 gran canaria 0 155 0 200 0 264 0 005 0 032 0 082 tenerife 0 149 0 208 0 255 0 002 0 015 0 057 la gomera 0 160 0 221 0 289 0 013 0 048 0 092 la palma 0 170 0 200 0 245 0 000 0 013 0 032 el hierro 0 192 0 246 0 299 0 005 0 020 0 032 source genomic ancestry proportions from admixture k 4 in canary islanders guillen guio et al 2018 35 in addition a study by díaz de usera et al 2022 that analyzed 863 donors of all the islands 105 from el hierro 93 from la palma 141 from la gomera 156 from tenerife 210 from gran canaria 47 from fuerteventura and 111 from lanzarote suggested two different results depending on the model used one of them evaluated the global ancestry of the subjects indicating an ancestry on an autosomal level of 76 4 european 20 8 north african and 2 8 sub saharan however when a specific model to evaluate the ancestry of admixed populations was used this showed that the autosomal dna of canarian people is 71 4 european 26 7 north african and 1 9 sub saharan being the highest north african and sub saharan components at an individual level 38 2 and 9 5 respectively 37 european north african sub saharan el hierro 68 3 31 0 0 7 la palma 76 5 22 4 1 1 la gomera 65 8 31 0 3 2 tenerife 75 3 23 6 1 1 gran canaria 73 7 23 6 2 7 fuerteventura 67 2 31 1 1 7 lanzarote 67 1 30 9 2 0 ancient canarians edit see also genetic history of north africa the guanches are related to the indigenous berbers in 2017 the first genome wide data from the guanches confirmed a north african origin and that they were genetically most similar to ancient north african berber peoples of the nearby north african mainland it also showed that modern inhabitants of gran canaria carry an estimated 16 31 guanche autosomal ancestry 38 culture edit see also canarian cuisine and music of the canary islands shepherd s leap silbo gomero demonstration at a restaurant in la gomera modern day canarian culture is spanish with some guanche influences some of the canarian traditional sports such as lucha canaria canarian fight juego del palo stick game or salto del pastor shepherd s jump among others have their roots in guanche culture additionally other traditions include canarian pottery words of guanche origin in the canarian speech and the rural consumption of guarapo gomero and gofio the inhabitants of la gomera also retain an ancient way of communicating across deep ravines by means of a whistled speech called silbo gomero which can be heard up to 3 km 2 miles away 39 this indigenous whistled language was invented by the guanches and was then adopted by the spanish settlers in the 16th century after the guanches were culturally assimilated into the population the language was also formerly spoken on el hierro tenerife and gran canaria 40 39 the holidays celebrated in the canary islands are of international national and regional or insular character the official day of the autonomous community is canary islands day on 30 may the anniversary of the first session of the parliament of the canary islands based in the city of santa cruz de tenerife held on 30 may 1983 is commemorated with this day the most famous festival of the canary islands is the carnival the carnival is celebrated in all the islands and all its municipalities perhaps the two busiest being those of the two canarian capitals the carnival of santa cruz de tenerife tourist festival of international interest and the carnival of las palmas de gran canaria it is celebrated on the streets between the months of february and march but the rest of the islands of the archipelago have their carnivals with their own traditions among which stand out the festival of the carneros of el hierro the festival of the diabletes of teguise in lanzarote los indianos de la palma the carnival of san sebastián de la gomera and the carnival of puerto del rosario in fuerteventura the strong influence of latin america in canarian culture is due to the constant emigration and return over the centuries of canarians to that continent chiefly to puerto rico cuba the dominican republic and venezuela to a lesser extent they also went to the us states of louisiana mostly the southern portion and texas mostly in and around san antonio and some areas in eastern mexico including nuevo león and veracruz 41 canarian spanish edit main article canarian spanish folklore group in traditional clothing in tenerife the spanish language variety that is typical and conventional in the canary islands is usually called the canarian spanish canarian dialect or canarian speech and is used by the approximately two million spanish speakers who live in the canary islands it is a dialect variety that falls within what has been called the atlantic variety similar to those of spanish speaking america and also to those of the south of the iberian peninsula especially western andalusia the dialect most simil...