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s sufficient corresponding inline citations please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations april 2015 learn how and when to remove this message captaincy general of venezuela kingdom of venezuela capitanía general de venezuela spanish reino de venezuela spanish 1777 1823 coat of arms of caracas motto plus ultra further beyond anthem marcha real royal march flag of spain first national flag naval flag since 1785 and fortress flag from 1793 and the last spanish flag to fly in continental america in san felipe castle 1 2 3 show global map show geographical map map type top captaincy general of venezuela in 1777 projection bottom map of the captaincy general of venezuela in 1777 status captaincy de facto self governing colony contested by spain 1810 1823 capital santiago de león de caracas common languages spanish official wayuu pemon warao yanomamö demonyms spaniard venezuelan government general captaincy captain generals 1777 1782 luis de unzaga 1821 1823 francisco tomás morales legislature supreme junta 1810 1811 history royal decree september 8 1777 revolution april 19 1810 independence declaration ratified 20 july 1811 venezuelan war of independence 1810 1823 capitulation 24 july 1823 population 1810 750 000 4 currency spanish colonial real iso 3166 code ve preceded by succeeded by viceroyalty of new granada venezuela province supreme junta first republic of venezuela second republic of venezuela third republic of venezuela gran colombia the captaincy general of venezuela spanish capitanía general de venezuela also known as the kingdom of venezuela spanish reino de venezuela was an administrative district of colonial spain created on september 8 1777 through the royal decree of graces of 1777 to provide more autonomy for the provinces of venezuela previously under the jurisdiction of the audiencia of santo domingo and thus the viceroyalty of new spain and then the viceroyalty of new granada it established a unified government in political governorship military captaincy general fiscal intendancy ecclesiastical archdiocese and judicial audiencia affairs its creation was part of the bourbon reforms and laid the groundwork for the future nation of venezuela in particular by orienting the province of maracaibo towards the province of caracas history edit antecedents edit in 1494 despite the presence of indigenous peoples in the americas pope alexander vi issued a papal decree with the treaty of tordesillas that unilaterally granted the crown of castile with full dominion over the majority of what is now regarded as south america following years of colonization by colonial spain the bourbon dynasty took steps towards reorganizing their overseas possessions and venezuela in particular when the new granadan viceroyalty was reestablished in 1739 the governor captain general of caracas was given military jurisdiction over the provinces of maracaibo cumaná guayana trinidad and margarita the 18th century also marked a period of marked economic growth for venezuela cocoa plantations were established along the littoral valleys which resulted in large importations of slaves the growth of the cocoa exporting economy was created by the real compañía guipuzcoana de caracas which was granted a full monopoly over exports and imports in 1728 the company s second largest export was tobacco it also promoted the exploration and settlement of venezuela s frontiers most famously under the expedition of the limits 1750 1761 headed by josé de iturriaga y aguirre which resulted in new settlements in guayana province this growth was not experienced evenly and the monopoly hurt small farmers who continued to sell most of their product in the contraband trade resentment of the company exploded in open revolt in 1749 headed by canarian immigrant juan francisco de león 5 establishment edit the captaincy general which was essentially a new viceroyalty in all but name was actually created slowly over time by centralizing fiscal administrative military and ecclesiastical rule in caracas the first step was the creation of the intendancy of caracas by minister of the indies josé de gálvez in 1776 the new intendancy superintendencia de ejército y real hacienda covered the provinces of venezuela caracas cumaná sometimes new andalusia guayana maracaibo trinidad and margarita up to this point maracaibo guayana and trinidad s governance had been directly supervised by the bogotá audiencia es the other three provinces by the one in santo domingo the following year a joint governorship captaincy general with powers over military and administrative matters was established for the same provinces regional governors and military commanders were subordinated to the governor captain general of caracas to maintain uniformity in judicial matters in 1777 the provinces of maracaibo margarita cumaná guayana and trinidad were transferred to the santo domingo audiencia which had taken appeals from the province of caracas since 1742 judicial matters were finally centralized in 1786 with the creation of the audiencia of caracas es which had jurisdiction over these same provinces and the new barinas province which had been established in the intervening years from the frontier regions of maracaibo province the audiencia was composed of a regent judge three judges and a crown attorney the governor captain general served as its president it was to carry out justice and to watch over the action of royal officials in the area of its jurisdiction it only communicated directly with the council of the indies in spain 6 a consulado was established in 1793 to oversee the new captaincy general s trade in religious matters all of the provinces were also placed under the direction of the new archdiocese of caracas in 1803 two new dioceses mérida and guayana were created as well previously areas of the new diocese of mérida had been part of the archdiocese of bogotá and guayana had been part of the diocese of puerto rico control of the province of trinidad was lost to the british in 1797 legislation establishing the captaincy general edit part of a series on the history of venezuela chronology pre columbian period 1522 1821 1821 30 1830 1908 1908 58 1948 58 1953 99 1999 present topics new spain province of venezuela viceroyalty of new granada captaincy general american confederation of venezuela war of independence first republic second republic third republic declaration of independence caudillismo revolution of the reforms 1848 1849 civil war march revolution federal war blue revolution april revolution revindicating revolution legalist revolution andean hegemony restorative liberal revolution liberating revolution 1902 03 blockade 1908 coup generation of 1928 el trienio adeco 1945 coup 1948 coup democratic period 1958 coup punto fijo pact carupanazo porteñazo caracazo 1st coup attempt 2nd coup attempt bolivarian revolution vargas tragedy 3rd coup attempt 2002 strike 2004 referendum rctv protests death of chávez crisis in venezuela refugee crisis presidential crisis 2026 u s intervention united states v maduro type economic history oil history venezuela portal v t e the royal decree establishing the captaincy general the king inasmuch and keeping in mind what has been reported to me by the current viceroy governor and captain general of the new kingdom of granada and the governors of the provinces of guayana and maracaibo on the inconveniences that are created in the indicated provinces as well as those of cumaná and islands of margarita and trinidad by remaining united as they are to the viceroyalty and captaincy general of the indicated new kingdom of granada because of the distance at which they find themselves from its capital santa fe resulting as a consequence the delay in the decisions with the most grave harm to my royal service therefore to avoid these and greater harm which would result in case of an invasion i have best resolved the absolute separation of said provinces of cumaná guayana and maracaibo and islands of trinidad and margarita from the viceroyalty and captaincy general of the new kingdom of granada and add them in government and military matters to the captaincy general of venezuela in the same manner that they are in regards to the administration of my royal treasury to the new intendancy established in said province and city of caracas its capital in the same manner i have resolved to separate in judicial matters from the audiencia of santa fe and to add to the old one of santo domingo the two mentioned provinces of maracaibo and guayana in the same manner that cumaná and the islands of margarita and trinidad are so that they find themselves under the same immediate audiencia captain general and intendant be better ruled and governed with better utility to my royal service accordingly i order the viceroy and audiencia of santa fe restrained from and to abstain from the knowledge of the respective matters which corresponded to them before the separation implied here and order the governors of the provinces of cumaná guayana and maracaibo and islands of margarita and trinidad to obey as their captain general the one that today is and in the future will be of the province of venezuela and carry out the orders that in my royal service he communicate to them in government and military matters and that in the same way the governors of the provinces of maracaibo and guayana observe the provisions that in the future my royal audiencia of santo domingo issues accepting the appeals that are lodged before it according to and in the manner they have been or should have been done before the audiencia of santa fe such is my will given in san ildefonso on the eighth of september of 1777 i the king as representative of the king of spain josé de gálvez signed the cedula de poblacion of 1783 opening the island of trinidad to immigration from primarily the french caribbean islands negotiated by phillipe rose roume de saint laurant the edict consists of 28 articles governing various forms of land grants to encourage population growth the naturalization of inhabitants taxation the arming of slave owners the duty and function of a militia to protect the island and trade and mercantile issues the royal decree real cédula of june 13 1786 was the first to establish the real audiencia describe its functions and to define its limits subsequent ones defined further faculties and appointed members his majesty has resolved in view of everything that the province of maracaibo continue united as it is to the captaincy general and intendancy of caracas keeping what is provided by the royal decree real cédula of february 15 of this year on the addition of the city of trujillo and its jurisdiction to the government of maracaibo and the creation for the present of a separate command in the province of barinas and to avoid the harm that would arise for the inhabitants of said provinces of maracaibo cumamá guayana margarita and island of trinidad comprising the same captaincy general of having to recur for appeals in their affairs to the audiencia pretorial of santo domingo the king has resolved to create another in caracas comprised for now of a regent dean three judges oidores and a crown attorney fiscal leaving the same number of ministers in the one in santo domingo and limiting its district to the spanish part of that island the islands of cuba and puerto rico to which end his majesty will of course name the ministers who should serve in one and the other independence edit the independence movement for venezuela began with the establishment of the caracas junta in 1810 after the venezuelan declaration of independence in 1811 the provinces of caracas cumaná barinas margarita and the newly separated ones of barcelona trujillo and mérida established a republic of venezuela which claimed the area of the captaincy general the provinces of maracaibo and guayana along with the city of coro rejected the republic and after a year of war against the royalists this first republic collapsed the provinces that had created the venezuelan republic were reconquered by frigate captain domingo de monteverde who usurped power from the appointed captain general fernando miyares because of this the cortes of cádiz erected the province of maracaibo into a separate captaincy general with miyares at its head but did ratify monteverde as captain general of the smaller venezuela during this period the province of maracaibo elected a representative to the cortes josé domingo rus who served from march 3 1812 to may 10 1814 and continued to represent the province before the crown after ferdinand vii abolished the cortes 7 8 with ferdinand vii s return venezuela was reunited in one captaincy general in 1812 a new audiencia appointed by the cortes was able to return in caracas under the leadership of dominican born regent josé francisco heredia father of cuban poet josé maría heredia y heredia the audiencia put up fierce resistance to monteverde s attempts to rule the captaincy general under martial law after an interruption due to the restoration of the republic and attempts by pablo morillo to suspend the audiencia both the audiencia and the captaincy general continued to function until 1821 political map of venezuela in 1840 independence for venezuela was consolidated in 1821 as part of gran colombia the congress of cucuta looked to the territorial area of former viceroyalty of new granada during the period of 1739 1777 as the basis for its territorial claims and created a state composed of regional departments venezuela became the department of venezuela through this territorial reorganization the rising animosity between venezuelans and new granadians due to irreconcilable differences in opinion as to how the new republic ought to be governed led to the inevitable collapse of gran colombia in 1830 after 1830 the provinces within the old captaincy general of venezuela constituted the territory of the new independent republic of venezuela see also edit history of venezuela captaincy general viceroyalty of new granada first republic of venezuela gran colombia list of governors of venezuela province references edit callao lima peru united states bureau of naval personnel 1920 p 26 lawrence sondhaus 2012 naval warfare 1815 1914 p 13 von tschudi johann 1847 travels in peru p 33 josé a vandellos 1936 ensayo de demografía venezolana caracas ministerio de fomento the political power of covert commerce the rebellion of juan francisco de león 1749 1751 jesse cromwell the smugglers world illicit trade and atlantic communities in eighteenth century venezuela chapel hill nc 2018 online edn north carolina scholarship online 19 sept 2019 https doi org 10 5149 northcarolina 9781469636887 003 0010 accessed 22 jan 2023 morón guillermo 1995 la real audiencia de caracas historia de venezuela enciclopedia británica de venezuela vol 4 caracas pp 49 65 libro primero cápitulo cuarto retrieved july 24 2008 cite ency...