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Text of the page (random words):
igh abrasion furnace haf n330 28 36 22 4 1 00 1 00 easy processing channel epc n300 30 35 21 7 0 80 0 90 fast extruding furnace fef n550 39 55 18 2 0 64 0 72 high modulus furnace hmf n660 49 73 16 1 0 56 0 66 semi reinforcing furnace srf n770 70 96 14 7 0 48 0 60 fine thermal ft n880 180 200 12 6 0 22 medium thermal mt n990 250 350 9 8 0 18 practically all rubber products where tensile and abrasion wear properties are important use carbon black where physical properties are important but colors other than black are desired such as white tennis shoes precipitated or fumed silica has been substituted for carbon black silica based fillers are also gaining market share in automotive tires because they provide better trade off for fuel efficiency and wet handling due to a lower rolling loss traditionally silica fillers had worse abrasion wear properties but the technology has gradually improved to a point where they can match carbon black abrasion performance pigment edit carbon black color index international pbk 7 is the name of a common black pigment traditionally produced from charring organic materials such as wood or bone it appears black because it reflects very little light in the visible part of the spectrum with an albedo near zero the actual albedo varies depending on the source material and method of production it is known by a variety of names each of which reflects a traditional method for producing carbon black ivory black was traditionally produced by charring bones or ivory or bones vine black was traditionally produced by charring desiccated grape vines and stems lamp black was traditionally produced by collecting soot from oil lamps all of these types of carbon black were used extensively as paint pigments since prehistoric times 15 rembrandt johannes vermeer anthony van dyck and more recently paul cézanne pablo picasso and édouard manet 16 employed carbon black pigments in their paintings a typical example is manet s music in the tuileries 17 where the black dresses and the men s hats are painted in ivory black 18 newer methods of producing carbon black have largely superseded these traditional sources citation needed for artisanal purposes carbon black produced by any means remains common 6 lithium ion batteries edit the generic structure of carbon black carbon black is a common conductive additive for lithium ion batteries as the particles have small sizes and a large specific surface areas ssa which allow for the additive to be well distributed throughout the cathode or anode in addition to being cheap and long lasting 4 19 unlike graphite which is one of the other common materials used in chargeable batteries carbon black consists of crystal lattices that are further apart and promotes li intercalation because it allows more pathways for lithium storage 19 carbon black has a low density that allows for a large volume of it to be dispersed so that its conductive effects are applied evenly throughout the battery 20 21 furthermore its arrangement of randomly distributed graphite like crystals improves battery stability because of the decrease in the potential barrier of lithium intercalation into graphite which ultimately affects the performance of cathodes 19 while carbon black is lightweight and well dispersed throughout the battery and increases the conductive performance of batteries it also contains oxygen containing hydrophilic functional groups that can cause side reactions to occur in the battery and lead to the decomposition of electrolyte graphitization heating of carbon black can thermally decompose the hydrophilic functional groups and thus increase the cycle life of the battery which maintains the conductive abilities of carbon black while mitigating the damage that can be caused to batteries by hydrophilic functional groups half cells created with heavy graphitization light graphitization and no graphitization showed that the cell created with heavy graphitization had a stable cycle life of 320 cycles the cell with light graphitization showed a stable cycle life of 200 cycles and the cell with no graphitization showed a stable cycle life of 160 cycles 4 surface and surface chemistry edit all carbon blacks have chemisorbed oxygen complexes i e carboxylic quinonic lactonic phenolic groups and others on their surfaces to varying degrees depending on the conditions of manufacture 22 these surface oxygen groups are collectively referred to as volatile content it is also known to be a non conductive material due to its volatile content the coatings and inks industries prefer grades of carbon black that are acid oxidized acid is sprayed in high temperature dryers during the manufacturing process to change the inherent surface chemistry of the black the amount of chemically bonded oxygen on the surface area of the black is increased to enhance performance characteristics safety edit carcinogenicity edit carbon black is considered possibly carcinogenic to humans and classified as a group 2b carcinogen because there is sufficient evidence in experimental animals with inadequate evidence in human epidemiological studies 3 the evidence of carcinogenicity in animal studies comes from two chronic inhalation studies and two intratracheal instillation studies in rats which showed significantly elevated rates of lung cancer in exposed animals 3 an inhalation study on mice did not show significantly elevated rates of lung cancer in exposed animals 3 epidemiologic data comes from three cohort studies of carbon black production workers two studies from the united kingdom and germany with over 1 000 workers in each study group showed elevated mortality from lung cancer 3 a third study of over 5 000 carbon black workers in the united states did not show elevated mortality 3 newer findings of increased lung cancer mortality in an update from the uk study suggest that carbon black could be a late stage carcinogen 23 24 however a more recent and larger study from germany did not confirm this hypothesis 25 occupational safety edit there are strict guidelines available and in place to ensure employees who manufacture carbon black are not at risk of inhaling unsafe doses of carbon black in its raw form 26 respiratory personal protective equipment is recommended to properly protect workers from inhalation the recommended type of respiratory protection varies depending on the concentration of carbon black used 27 people can be exposed to carbon black in the workplace by inhalation and contact with the skin or eyes the occupational safety and health administration has set the legal limit permissible exposure limit for carbon black exposure in the workplace at 3 5 mg m 3 over an 8 hour workday the national institute for occupational safety and health has set a recommended exposure limit of 3 5 mg m 3 over an 8 hour workday at levels of 1750 mg m 3 carbon black is immediately dangerous to life or health 28 see also edit electroconductive carbon black george oenslager early use of carbon black in rubber jean baptiste donnet carbon black pioneer joseph c krejci carbon black pioneer kværner process production from hydrocarbons list of inorganic pigments shungite sometimes described as carbon black siegfried wolff carbon black pioneer vantablack william b wiegand carbon black pioneer references edit 1 2 3 4 record in the gestis substance database of the institute for occupational safety and health market study carbon black ceresana retrieved 2013 04 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 kuempel eileen d sorahan tom 2010 identification of research needs to resolve the carcinogenicity of high priority iarc carcinogens pdf views and expert opinions of an iarc nora expert group meeting lyon france 30 june 2 july 2009 iarc technical publication no 42 lyon france international agency for research on cancer 42 61 72 archived from the original pdf on 4 march 2016 retrieved august 30 2012 1 2 3 qi xin blizanac berislav dupasquier aurelien lal archit niehoff philip placke tobias oljaca miodrag li jie winter martin 2015 influence of thermal treated carbon black conductive additive on the performance of high voltage spinel cr doped lini 0 5 mn 1 5 o 4 composite cathode electrode journal of the electrochemical society 162 3 a339 a343 doi 10 1149 2 0401503jes issn 0013 4651 gnanamuthu rm lee chang woo 2011 11 01 electrochemical properties of super p carbon black as an anode active material for lithium ion batteries materials chemistry and physics 130 3 831 834 doi 10 1016 j matchemphys 2011 08 060 issn 0254 0584 1 2 3 application examples of carbon black mitsubishi chemical retrieved 2013 01 14 australia new zealand food standards code standard 1 2 4 labelling of ingredients 8 september 2011 retrieved 2011 10 27 us fda color additive status list food and drug administration archived from the original on june 6 2009 retrieved 2011 10 27 draft screening assessment for the challenge 29 january 2010 retrieved 2013 01 14 australia new zealand food standards code archived from the original on 2012 12 20 retrieved 2013 01 14 what is carbon black international carbon black association archived from the original on 2009 04 01 retrieved 2009 04 14 carbon black a global market overview jan 2016 industry experts report cp024 328 pages growney david j mykhaylyk oleksandr o middlemiss laurence fielding lee a derry matthew j aragrag najib lamb gordon d armes steven p 2015 09 29 is carbon black a suitable model colloidal substrate for diesel soot langmuir 31 38 10358 10369 doi 10 1021 acs langmuir 5b02017 issn 0743 7463 pmid 26344920 s2cid 206670654 experimental and kinetic study of the interaction of a commercial soot toward no at high temperature pdf archived pdf from the original on 2013 02 15 retrieved 2012 04 25 winter j and west fitzhugh e pigments based on carbon in berrie b h editor artists pigments a handbook of their history and characteristics volume 4 pp 1 37 bone black colourlex bomford d kirby j leighton j roy a art in the making impressionism national gallery publications london 1990 pp 112 119 édouard manet music in the tuileries gardens colourlex 1 2 3 hu jingwei zhong shengwen yan tingting 2021 10 01 using carbon black to facilitate fast charging in lithium ion batteries journal of power sources 508 230342 bibcode 2021jps 50830342h doi 10 1016 j jpowsour 2021 230342 issn 0378 7753 younesi reza christiansen ane sælland scipioni roberto ngo duc the simonsen søren bredmose edström kristina hjelm johan norby poul 2015 analysis of the interphase on carbon black formed in high voltage batteries journal of the electrochemical society 162 7 a1289 a1296 doi 10 1149 2 0761507jes issn 0013 4651 s2cid 53486824 dominko robert gaberscek miran drofenik jernej bele marjan pejovnik stane jamnik janko 2003 06 01 the role of carbon black distribution in cathodes for li ion batteries journal of power sources selected papers presented at the 11th international meeting on lithium batteries 119 121 770 773 bibcode 2003jps 119 770d doi 10 1016 s0378 7753 03 00250 7 issn 0378 7753 hennion marie claire july 2000 graphitized carbons for solid phase extraction journal of chromatography a 885 1 2 73 95 doi 10 1016 s0021 9673 00 00085 6 pmid 10941668 sorahan t harrington jm 2007 a lugged analysis of lung cancer risks in uk carbon black production workers 1951 2004 am j ind med 50 8 555 564 doi 10 1002 ajim 20481 pmid 17516558 ward em schulte pa straif k hopf nb caldwell jc carreón t demarini dm fowler ba goldstein bd hemminki k hines cj pursiainen kh kuempel e lewtas j lunn rm lynge e mcelvenny dm muhle h nakajima t robertson lw rothman n ruder am schubauer berigan mk siemiatycki j silverman d smith mt sorahan t steenland k stevens rg vineis p zahm sh zeise l cogliano vj 2010 research recommendations for selected iarc classified agents environmental health perspectives 118 10 1355 62 bibcode 2010envhp 118 1355w doi 10 1289 ehp 0901828 pmc 2957912 pmid 20562050 morfeld p mccunney rj 2007 carbon black and lung cancer testing a new exposure metric in a german cohort am j ind med 50 8 565 567 doi 10 1002 ajim 20491 pmid 17620319 occupational safety and health guidelines for carbon black potential human carcinogen centres of disease control and prevention national institute for occupational safety and health pdf retrieved 2013 01 14 occupational safety and health guideline for carbon black potential human carcinogen pdf centers of disease control and prevention national institute for occupational safety and health retrieved 11 january 2013 cdc niosh pocket guide to chemical hazards carbon black www cdc gov retrieved 2015 11 27 further reading edit doerner max the materials of the artist and their use in painting with notes on the techniques of the old masters revised edition harcourt 1984 isbn 0 15 657716 x this is a contemporary english language edition of a work originally published in german meyer ralph the artist s handbook of materials and techniques fifth edition revised and updated viking 1991 isbn 0 670 83701 6 carbon black a users guide published by the international carbon black association external links edit wikisource has the text of a 1920 encyclopedia americana article about carbon black wikimedia commons has media related to carbon black international chemical safety card 0471 carbon black niosh pocket guide to chemical hazards cdc website entry carbon black industry from the handbook of texas online international carbon black association v t e allotropes of carbon sp 3 forms diamond cubic lonsdaleite hexagonal diamond sp 2 forms graphite graphene fullerenes including c 60 buckminsterfullerene c 70 fullerene whiskers nanotubes nanobuds nanoscrolls glassy carbon sp forms linear acetylenic carbon c 6 cyclo 6 carbon c 18 cyclo 18 carbon mixed sp 3 sp 2 forms amorphous carbon carbon nanofoam carbide derived carbon q carbon other forms c 1 atomic carbon c 2 diatomic carbon c 3 tricarbon hypothetical forms c 3 cyclopropatriene c 6 prismane c8 chaoite haeckelites cubic carbon metallic carbon penta graphene related activated carbon carbon black charcoal carbon fiber aggregated diamond nanorod gas carbon authority control databases national japan czech republic poland retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title carbon_black oldid 1374074076 categories carbon carbon nanoparticles e number additives elastomers iarc group 2b carcinogens inorganic pigments pigments rubber properties shades of black hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata chemicals without a pubchem cid articles without inchi source chemical pages without chemspiderid articles without ebi source articles without kegg source echa infocard id from wikidata e number from wikidata articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes chembox image size set all articles lacking reliable references articles lacking reliable references from january 2021 all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from march 2024 cs1 long volume value...