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caribbean spanish wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 phonology 2 morphology 3 vocabulary 4 see also 5 references 6 bibliography 7 further reading toggle the table of contents caribbean spanish 14 languages ελληνικά español euskara galego magyar italiano 日本語 bahasa melayu nederlands русский svenska türkçe українська tiếng việt edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia set of varieties of spanish language not to be confused with spanish caribbean varieties of caribbean spanish spanish language a manuscript of the cantar de mio cid 13th century overview pronunciation stress orthography names history old middle influences grammar determiners nouns gender pronouns personal object adjectives prepositions verbs conjugation irregular verbs dialects andalusian andean argentine belizean bolivian canarian caribbean central american chilean colombian costa rican cuban dominican ecuadorian equatoguinean guatemalan honduran mexican murcian new mexican nicaraguan paraguay panamanian peninsular peruvian philippine status puerto rican rioplatense saharan salvadoran standard uruguayan venezuelan dialectology seseo yeísmo voseo leísmo loísmo interlanguages llanito jopara judaeo spanish portuñol spanglish castrapo creoles roquetas pidgin chavacano or chabacano palenquero or palenque aljamiado teaching hispanism asale rae instituto cervantes v t e caribbean spanish spanish español caribeño espaˈɲol kaɾiˈβeɲo locally ehpaˈɲol kaɾiˈβeɲo is the general name of the spanish dialects spoken in the caribbean region the spanish language was introduced to the caribbean in 1492 with the voyages of christopher columbus it resembles the spanish spoken in the canary islands and more distantly the spanish of western andalusia with more than 25 million speakers spanish is the most widely spoken language in the caribbean islands more precisely the term in its strictest sense however refers to the spanish language as it is spoken on the caribbean island nations of cuba the dominican republic antigua and barbuda and puerto rico in a much looser sense it can also include panama and the caribbean coasts of colombia and venezuela and on the widest application of the phrase it includes the caribbean coastal regions of mexico guatemala belize honduras nicaragua and costa rica phonology edit seseo where θ and s merge to s as in the rest of the americas in the canary islands and in southern spain yeísmo where ʎ and ʝ merge to ʝ as in many other spanish dialects s is debuccalized to h at the end of syllables as is common in the southern half of spain the canaries and much of spanish america los amigos lo h aˈmiɣo h the friends dos ˈdo h two 1 it may also be elided entirely syllable final s is always or mostly pronounced in formal speech like tv broadcasts syllable initial s is also sporadically debuccalized in unstressed syllables although this process is documented only in certain areas such as parts of puerto rico cinco centavos ˈsiŋkohenˈtaβo la semana pasada laheˈmanapaˈsaða as a reaction to the stigmatization of s debuccalization and elision hypercorrections are frequent for example speakers may say catorces año for catorce años 14 years these hypercorrections are called hablar fisno speaking finely with an extra hypercorrect s 2 x pronounced h as is common in andalusia the canary islands and various parts of south america occasional lenition of tʃ to ʃ mucho ˈmutʃo ˈmuʃo as in part of andalusia or in chile word final n is realized as a velar nasal ŋ velarization it can be elided with backwards nasalization of the preceding vowel pan pã as in part of andalusia deletion of intervocalic and word final d as in many spanish dialects cansado kanˈsao tired nada ˈnaða na nothing and perdido pelˈdi o lost mitad miˈtað miˈta syllable final r has a variety of realisations lambdacism ɾ l porque ˈpoɾke ˈpolke deletion of ɾ hablar aˈβlaɾ aˈβla assimilation to following consonant causing gemination carne ˈkaɾne ˈkanːe verde ˈbeɾðe ˈbedːe most notable of spanish spoken in and around havana ɹ is a common realization in the middle and upper classes in puerto rico under the influence of english vocalization of ɾ to i hacer aˈseɾ aˈsej in the cibao region of the dominican republic aspiration ɾ h carne ˈkaɾne ˈkahne r is devoiced to r̥ in the dominican republic and puerto rico cotorra koˈtora koˈtor̥a and realised as a uvular fricative ʀ χ uvularization in rural puerto rican dialects several neutralizations also occur in the syllable coda the liquids l and ɾ may neutralize to j cibaeño dominican celda cerda ˈsejða cell bristle l alma arma ˈalma soul weapon comer koˈme l to eat or as complete regressive assimilation pulga purga ˈpuɡːa flea purge 3 the deletions and neutralizations ɾ l i show variability in their occurrence even with the same speaker in the same utterance which implies that nondeleted forms exist in the underlying structure 4 that is not to say that these dialects are on the path to eliminating coda consonants since such processes have existed for more than four centuries in these dialects 5 guitart 1997 argues that it is the result of speakers acquiring multiple phonological systems with uneven control like that of second language learners in caribbean spanish there are geminated consonants when l and ɾ in syllabic coda are assimilated to the following consonant 6 examples of cuban spanish l or ɾ f d f ff a ff iler hue ff ano sp alfiler huérfano l or ɾ s d s ds fa ds a du ds e sp falsa or farsa dulce l or ɾ h d h ɦh ana ɦh ésico vi ɦh en sp analgésico virgen l or ɾ b d b b b si b b a cu b b a sp silba or sirva curva l or ɾ d d d d d ce d d a acue d d o sp celda or cerda acuerdo l or ɾ ɡ d ɡ ɡ ɡ pu ɡ ɡ a la ɡ ɡ a sp pulga or purga larga l or ɾ p d p b p cu b p a cue b p o sp culpa cuerpo l or ɾ t d t d t sue d t e co d t a sp suelte o suerte corta l or ɾ tʃ d tʃ d tʃ co d tʃ a ma d tʃ arse sp colcha o corcha marcharse l or ɾ k d k ɡ k vo ɡ k ar ba ɡ k o sp volcar barco l or ɾ m d m mm ca mm a a mm a sp calma alma o arma l or ɾ n d n nn pie nn a ba nn eario sp pierna balneario ɾ l d l ll bu ll a cha ll a sp burla charla l r d r r a r ededor sp alrededor morphology edit as in all american variants of spanish the third person plural pronoun ustedes has supplanted the pronoun vosotros vosotras voseo is now completely absent from insular caribbean spanish contemporary commentators such as the cuban esteban pichardo speak of its survival as late as the 1830s see lópez morales 1970 136 142 but by the 1870s it appears to have become confined to a small number of speakers from the lowest social strata in addition to most of central america voseo is used in the northwest of venezuela states of falcón and zulia in the north of the colombian department of cesar in the south of la guajira department on colombia s atlantic coast and in the azuero peninsula in panama the diminutive ito ita takes the form ico ica after t pato becomes patico instead of patito and pregunta becomes preguntica instead of preguntita however perro still becomes perrito possibly as a result of the routine elision of word final s some speakers may use se as a plural marker but generally this tendency is limited to words with singular forms that end in a stressed vowel kaˈfe café coffee kaˈfese coffees soˈfa sofá sofa soˈfase sofas vocabulary edit the second person subject pronouns tú or vos in central america and usted are used more frequently than in other varieties of spanish contrary to the general spanish tendency to omit them when meaning is clear from the context see pro drop language thus tú estás hablando instead of estás hablando the tendency is strongest in the island countries and on the mainland in nicaragua where voseo rather than the use of tú for the second person singular familiar is predominant so called wh questions which in standard spanish are marked by subject verb inversion often appear without the inversion in caribbean spanish qué tú quieres for standard qué quieres tú what do you want 7 8 see also edit caribbean portal andalusian spanish belizean spanish canarian spanish colombian spanish costa rican spanish cuban spanish dominican spanish guatemalan spanish honduran spanish mexican spanish nicaraguan spanish panamanian spanish puerto rican spanish trinidadian spanish venezuelan spanish maracucho spanish languages of the caribbean isleño spanish references edit guitart 1997 515 517 lipski 1997 124 guitart 1997 515 guitart 1997 515 517 518 guitart 1997 518 527 citing boyd bowman 1975 and labov 1994 595 arias álvaro 2019 fonética y fonología de las consonantes geminadas en el español de cuba moenia 25 465 497 lipski 1977 61 gutiérrez bravo 2008 225 bibliography edit arias álvaro 2019 fonética y fonología de las consonantes geminadas en el español de cuba moenia 25 465 497 25 465 497 boyd bowman peter 1975 a sample of sixteenth century caribbean spanish phonology in milán william g staczek john j zamora juan c eds 1974 colloquium on spanish and portuguese linguistics washington d c georgetown university press pp 1 11 guitart jorge m 1997 variability multilectalism and the organization of phonology in caribbean spanish dialects in martínez gil fernando morales front alfonso eds issues in the phonology and morphology of the major iberian languages georgetown university press pp 515 536 gutiérrez bravo rodrigo 2008 topicalization and preverbal subjects in spanish wh interrogatives in bruhn de garavito joyce valenzuela elena eds selected proceedings of the 10th hispanic linguistics symposium somerville ma cascadilla pp 225 236 labov william 1994 principles of linguistic change volume i internal factors cambridge ma blackwell publishers lipski john m 1977 preposed subjects in questions some considerations hispania 60 1 61 67 doi 10 2307 340393 jstor 340393 lipski john m 1993 on the non creole basis for afro caribbean spanish lipski john m 1997 en busca de las normas fonéticas del español pdf in colombi m cecilia alarconi francisco x eds la enseñanza del español a hispanohablantes praxis y teoría in spanish boston houghton mifflin pp 121 132 isbn 9780669398441 further reading edit cedergren henrietta 1973 the interplay of social and linguistic factors in panama cornell university poplack shana 1979 function and process in a variable phonology university of pennsylvania v t e dialects and varieties of spanish by continent africa and asia canarian equatoguinean philippine saharan americas interamerican caribbean cuban dominican panamanian puerto rican trinidadian central america belizean costa rican guatemalan honduran nicaraguan pachuco salvadoran north america united states caló chicano californian isleño new mexican sabine river mexican south america amazonic andean bolivian chilean chilote chiloé archipelago colombian cordobés central argentina cuyano central western argentina ecuadorian equatorial coastal ecuador llanero los llanos colombia venezuela maracucho zulia state paisa paisa region paraguayan pastuso colombia ecuador border peruvian ribereño coastal peru rioplatense coastal argentina uruguayan venezuelan europe peninsular andalusian llanito gibraltar canarian castilian castrapo galicia castúo extremadura madrilenian es manchegan es murcian riojan es spoken by catalan speakers other standard extremaduran judaeo spanish haketia tetuani ladino caló para romani spanglish palenquero creole chavacano creole jopara mixed language media lengua mixed language barranquenho mixed language papiamento portuguese based creole with spanish influence extinct cocoliche and lunfardo coastal argentina uruguay malespín central america bozal see also geographic distribution of spanish mexican diaspora spanish diaspora spanish phonology spanish vocabulary retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title caribbean_spanish oldid 1375586074 categories caribbean spanish languages of the caribbean spanish dialects of north america spanish caribbean culture spanish west indies hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles containing old spanish language text articles containing spanish language text pages with spanish ipa pages with plain ipa cs1 spanish language sources es this page was last edited on 18 september 2026 at 18 10 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents caribbean spanish 14 languages add topic