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learning through free libraries for many years a typical example is the united presbyterian library of edinburgh under robert james drummond which was affected following the opening of the carnegie library in the city centre 40 in addition to the criticisms of his philanthropic interests and motivations the construction of libraries in the american south was a highly contentious topic state and local racial segregation laws across the south sought to bar african americans access to public facilities including libraries and when funding the construction of the carnegie library in atlanta in 1902 the proposed library a segregated one was fought by numerous activists of the period including w e b du bois 41 in the years following as the american library association continued to ignore the systematic implementation of jim crow in the south the carnegie corporation also continued to acquiesce to the social norms of the day and even required communities seeking grants to base their appropriations only upon the white population of the towns 42 continuing legacy edit carnegie library in potchefstroom south africa carnegie established charitable trusts which have continued his philanthropic work but they had reduced their investment in libraries even before his death there has continued to be support for library projects for example in south africa 43 in 1992 the new york times reported that according to a survey conducted by george bobinski dean of the school of information and library studies at the state university at buffalo 1 554 of the 1 681 original carnegie library buildings in the united states still existed and 911 were still used as libraries he found that 276 were unchanged 286 had been expanded 175 had been remodeled 243 had been demolished and others had been converted to other uses 44 carnegie library in curepipe mauritius one of several carnegie libraries in oceania while hundreds of the library buildings have been adapted for use as museums community centers office buildings residences or other uses more than half of those in the united states still serve their communities as libraries over a century after their construction 45 many are located in what are now middle to low income neighborhoods for example carnegie libraries still form the nucleus of the new york public library system in new york city with 31 of the original 39 buildings still in operation carnegie libraries operate in all 5 boroughs of new york city across its three library systems also the main library and eighteen branches of the pittsburgh public library system are carnegie libraries the public library system there is named the carnegie library of pittsburgh 46 in the late 1940s the carnegie corporation of new york arranged for microfilming of the correspondence files relating to andrew carnegie s gifts and grants to communities for the public libraries and church organs they discarded the original materials the microfilms are open for research as part of the carnegie corporation of new york records collection residing at columbia university rare book and manuscript library 47 archivists did not microfilm photographs and blueprints of the carnegie libraries the number and nature of documents within the correspondence files varies widely such documents may include correspondence completed applications and questionnaires newspaper clippings illustrations and building dedication programs uk correspondence files relating to individual libraries have been preserved in edinburgh see the article list of carnegie libraries in europe beginning in the 1930s during the great depression some libraries were meticulously measured documented and photographed under the historic american buildings survey habs program of the national park service this was part of an effort to record and preserve significant buildings 48 other documentation has been collected by local historical societies in 1935 the centennial of carnegie s birth a copy of the portrait of him originally painted by f luis mora was given to libraries which he had helped fund 49 many of the carnegie libraries in the united states whatever their current uses have been recognized by listing on the national register of historic places the first the carnegie library in braddock pennsylvania was designated as a national historic landmark in march 2012 to this day carnegie s free to the people libraries remain pittsburgh s most significant cultural export a gift that has shaped the minds and lives of millions architectural critic patricia lowry 28 gallery edit carnegie library built in 1901 in guthrie oklahoma carnegie library built in 1904 in akron ohio carnegie public library built in 1904 in tyler texas carnegie library built in 1908 in hokitika new zealand kilkenny carnegie library built in 1910 in kilkenny ireland west tampa free public library built in 1914 in tampa florida beaumont library built in 1914 in beaumont california st petersburg public library built in 1915 in st petersburg florida bayliss library built in 1917 in glenn county california carnegie library built in 1921 in belgrade serbia lists of carnegie libraries edit see also carnegie library disambiguation list of carnegie libraries in africa list of carnegie libraries in the caribbean list of carnegie libraries in oceania list of carnegie libraries in canada list of carnegie libraries in europe list of carnegie libraries in the united states notes edit 1 2 3 4 5 6 gangewere robert j september 2011 palace of culture andrew carnegie s museums and library in pittsburgh pittsburgh pa university of pittsburgh press isbn 9780822943976 james campbell walker dictionary of scottish architects archived from the original on september 16 2016 retrieved september 3 2016 carnegie historical museum fairfield cultural district fairfieldculturaldistrict org archived from the original on april 6 2014 retrieved april 3 2014 watson paula d 1994 founding mothers the contribution of women s organizations to public library development in the united states library quarterly 64 3 236 doi 10 1086 602699 s2cid 142094870 teva scheer the praxis side of the equation club women and american public administration administrative theory praxis vol 24 issue 3 2002 p 525 andrew carnegie the best fields for philanthropy archived january 13 2003 at the wayback machine the north american review volume 149 issue 397 december 1889 from the cornell university library website this library has been discussed in cheryl knott malone s essay houston s colored carnegie library 1907 1922 while still in manuscript it was awarded the justin winsor prize in 1997 accessed on line august 2008 in a revised version archived september 9 2008 at the wayback machine library history live oak public libraries archived from the original on august 19 2014 retrieved march 12 2022 carnegie library savannah georgia pdf live oak public library archived from the original pdf on march 20 2015 retrieved march 12 2022 clarence thomas my grandfather s son a memoir harpercollins 2008 pp 17 29 30 google books carnegie libraries reading 2 archived from the original on may 2 2014 mausolf lisa b hengen elizabeth durfee 2007 edward lippincott tilton a monograph on his architectural practice pdf archived from the original pdf on september 27 2011 retrieved september 28 2011 many of these were carnegie libraries public libraries built between 1886 and 1917 with funds provided by andrew carnegie or the carnegie corporation of new york in all carnegie funding was provided for 1 681 public library buildings in 1 412 u s communities with additional libraries abroad increasingly after 1908 carnegie library commissions tended to be in the hands of a relatively small number of firms that specialized in library design tilton benefited from a friendship with james bertram who was responsible for reviewing plans for carnegie financed library buildings although the carnegie program left the hiring of an architect to local officials bertram s personal letters of introduction gave tilton a distinct advantage as a result tilton won a large number of comparatively modest carnegie library commissions primarily in the northeast typically tilton furnished all plans working drawings details and specifications and associated with a local architect who would supervise construction and receive 5 of tilton s commission studying transcultural literary history gunilla lindberg wada berlin 2006 isbn 978 3 11 092055 0 oclc 607884927 cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link cs1 maint others link murray stuart 2009 the library an illustrated history new york skyhorse chicago ala editions pp 174 91 cite book cs1 maint publisher location link kevane michael j sundstrom william a 2016 public libraries and political particippation 1870 1940 economics retrieved march 12 2022 murray stuart 2009 the library an illustrated history new york skyhorse pub isbn 978 1 60239 706 4 koch theodore wesley 1907 a portfolio of carnegie libraries preface work is unpaginated andrew carnegie a tribute colonel james anderson archived february 11 2004 at the wayback machine exhibit carnegie library of pittsburgh murray stuart 2009 the library an illustrated history new york skyhorse pub isbn 978 0838909911 oclc 277203534 gardiner allen anderson memorial library the carnegie legacy in kansas archived from the original on august 5 2012 redeker mary ann july 31 2017 an inside look at anderson memorial library emporia gazette archived from the original on december 21 2020 carnegie andrew december 1889 the best fields for philanthropy north american review 149 688 691 gigler rich july 17 1983 thanks but no thanks the pittsburgh press p 12 retrieved may 26 2015 kevane michael sundstrom william a april 30 2014 the development of public libraries in the united states 1870 1930 a quantitative assessment information culture a journal of history 49 2 117 144 doi 10 1353 lac 2014 0009 issn 2166 3033 archived from the original on february 2 2017 bobinski p 191 susan goldenberg dubious donations beaver 2008 88 2 carnegie free libraries new zealand history retrieved march 12 2022 1 2 carnegie s library legacy archived from the original on may 9 2016 andry al october 11 1999 new life for historic libraries the cincinnati post archived from the original on september 30 2007 stuart shana l 2013 my duty and my pleasure alice s tyler s reluctant oversight of carnegie library philanthropy in iowa information culture 48 1 91 111 p 93 murray s 2009 the library an illustrated history skyhorse publishing p 184 mickelson p 1975 american society and the public library in the thought of andrew carnegie journal of library history 10 2 117 138 p 123 jstor 25540622 murray 2009 p 186 mickelson 1975 p 133 murray 2009 p 185 mickelson 1975 p 131 1 2 mickelson 1975 p 128 1 2 stamberg susan august 1 2013 how andrew carnegie turned his fortune into a library legacy npr retrieved march 12 2022 mickelson 1975 p 129 the history of the lothian road united free church turnbull spears p 69 segregated libraries digital public library of america retrieved march 25 2022 wiegand wayne a march 1 2017 any ideas the american library association and the desegregation of public libraries in the american south libraries culture history and society 1 1 1 22 doi 10 5325 libraries 1 1 0001 issn 2473 0343 the carnegie corporation and south africa non european library services archived august 28 2008 at the wayback machine libraries culture volume 34 no 1 archived june 12 2010 at the wayback machine winter 1999 from the university of texas at austin strum charles march 2 1992 belleville journal restoring heritage and raising hopes for future the new york times archived from the original on november 14 2013 retrieved september 29 2011 dr george bobinksi dean of the school of information and library studies at the state university at buffalo says 1 681 libraries were built with carnegie money mostly between 1898 and 1917 in a survey he found that at least 1 554 of the buildings still exist with only 911 of these still in use as public libraries at least 276 of the survivors are unchanged while 243 have been demolished 286 have been expanded and 175 have been remodeled others have been turned into condominiums community centers or shops carnegie libraries by state pdf american volksporting association 1996 archived from the original pdf on april 14 2012 retrieved october 3 2011 carnegie library of pittsburgh carnegie library of pittsburgh archived from the original on january 2 2018 retrieved april 29 2018 rare book manuscript library archived from the original on january 14 2009 historic american buildings survey historic american engineering record habs haer archived may 16 2008 at the wayback machine permanent collection american memory from the library of congress belmar public library wall new jersey american towns retrieved october 3 2011 dead link further reading edit anderson florence 1963 carnegie corporation library program 1911 1961 carnegie corporation of new york black a prizeman o 2021 a reassessment of the design of carnegie public library buildings with a view to their future use the case of evanston public library illinois 1908 ifla journal 47 no 4 444 452 bobinski george s 1968 carnegie libraries their history and impact on american public library development ala bulletin 62 no 11 december 1968 1361 1367 in jstor ditzion sidney 1947 arsenals of a democratic culture a social history of the american public library movement in new england and the middle states from 1850 to 1900 american library association fultz michael 2006 black public libraries in the south in the era of de jure segregation libraries the cultural record 41 no 3 337 359 garrison dee 1979 apostles of culture the public librarian and american society 1876 1920 new york free press grimes brendan 1998 irish carnegie libraries a catalogue and architectural history irish academic press isbn 0 7165 2618 2 harris michael 1974 the purpose of the american public library a revisionist interpretation of history library journal 98 2509 2514 jones theodore 1997 carnegie libraries across america a public legacy john wiley sons isbn 0 471 14422 3 kevane m j and w a sundstrom public libraries and political participation 1870 1940 santa clara university scholar commons 2016 uses advanced statistics to find a new library had no effect on voter turnout kevane michael sundstrom william a 2014 the development of public libraries in the united states 1870 1930 a quantitative assessment information and culture 49 no 2 117 144 lorenzen michael 1999 deconstructing the carnegie libraries the sociological reasons behind carnegie s millions to public libraries illinois libraries 81 no 2 75 78 martin robert sidney 1993 carnegie denied communities rejecting carnegie library construction grants 1898 1925 greenwood press miner curtis 1990 the deserted parthenon class culture and the carnegie library of homestead 1898 1937 pennsylvania history 52 no 2 ...