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one result of a campaign to achieve a culturally unifying standardization across the carolingian empire 13 traditional charters however continued to be written in a merovingian chancery hand long after manuscripts of scripture and classical literature were being produced in the minuscule hand documents written in a local language like gothic or anglo saxon rather than latin tended to be expressed in traditional local script carolingian script generally has fewer ligatures than other contemporary scripts although the et æ rt st and ct ligatures are common the letter d often appears in an uncial form with an ascender slanting to the left but the letter g is essentially the same as the modern minuscule letter rather than the previously common uncial ᵹ ascenders are usually clubbed they become thicker near the top 13 the early period of the script during charlemagne s reign in the late 8th century and early 9th still has widely varying letter forms in different regions the uncial form of the letter a similar to a double c cc was still used in manuscripts from this period there was also use of punctuation such as the question mark as in beneventan script of the same period the script flourished during the 9th century when regional hands developed into an international standard with less variation of letter forms modern glyphs such as s and v began to appear as opposed to the long s ſ and u and ascenders after thickening at the top were finished with a three cornered wedge the script began to evolve slowly after the 9th century in the 10th and 11th centuries ligatures were rare and ascenders began to slant to the right and were finished with a fork the letter w also began to appear by the 12th century carolingian letters had become more angular and were written closer together less legibly than in previous centuries at the same time the modern dotted i appeared citation needed a page of the freising manuscripts showing 10th century slovene text written in carolingian minuscule bavarian state library munich spread edit the new script spread through western europe most widely where carolingian influence was strongest in luxuriously produced lectionaries that now began to be produced for princely patronage of abbots and bishops legibility was essential it reached far afield the 10th century freising manuscripts which contain the oldest slovene language the first roman script record of any slavic language are written in carolingian minuscule in switzerland carolingian was used in the rhaetian and alemannic minuscule types manuscripts written in rhaetian minuscule tend to have slender letters resembling insular script with the letters a and t and ligatures such as ri showing similar to visigothic and beneventan alemannic minuscule used for a short time in the early 9th century is usually larger broader and very vertical in comparison to the slanting rhaetian type it was developed by the monk wolfcoz i at the abbey of saint gall 14 in the holy roman empire carolingian script flourished in salzburg austria as well as in fulda mainz and würzburg all of which were major centers of the script german minuscule tends to be oval shaped very slender and slanted to the right it has uncial features as well such as the ascender of the letter d slanting to the left and vertical initial strokes of m and n in northern italy the monastery at bobbio used carolingian minuscule beginning in the 9th century outside the sphere of influence of charlemagne and his successors however the new legible hand was resisted by the roman curia nevertheless the romanesca type was developed in rome after the 10th century the script was not taken up in england and ireland until ecclesiastic reforms in the middle of the 10th century in spain a traditionalist visigothic hand survived and in southern italy a beneventan minuscule survived in the lands of the lombard duchy of benevento through the 13th century although romanesca eventually also appeared in southern italy role in cultural transmission edit scholars during the carolingian renaissance sought out and copied in the new legible standardized hand many roman texts that had been wholly forgotten most of contemporary knowledge of classical literature derives from copies made in the scriptoria of charlemagne over 7000 manuscripts written in carolingian script survive from the 8th and 9th centuries alone though the carolingian minuscule was superseded by gothic blackletter hands in retrospect it seemed so thoroughly classic to the humanists of the early renaissance that they took these old carolingian manuscripts to be ancient roman originals and used them as bases for their renaissance hand the humanist minuscule 15 from there the script passed to the 15th and 16th century printers of books such as aldus manutius of venice in this way it forms the basis of our modern lowercase typefaces indeed carolingian minuscule is a style of typeface which approximates this historical hand eliminating the nuances of size of capitals long descenders and so on see also edit ada gospels references edit ganz david 2020 early caroline the oxford handbook of latin paleography 237 ganz david 2020 scripts of merovingian gaul the oxford handbook of latin paleogrpahy 193 gavinelli simona 2020 early carolingian the oxford handbook of latin paleography 262 ganz david 2020 early caroline the oxford handbook of latin paleography 244 gavinelli simona 2020 early carolingian the oxford history of latin paleography 265 latin paleography 15 2 caroline in time and space its circulation and types cite web cs1 maint url status link 1 2 bischoff bernhard 1990 latin paleography antiquity the middle ages cambridge university press pp 112 118 isbn 9780521367264 bischoff bernhard 1990 latin paleography antiquity the middle ages cambridge university press pp 145 149 isbn 9780521367264 brown julian t 2017 aspects of paleography in the history of the book in the west 400 ad 1455 volume 1 edited by jane roberts and pamela robinson cherubini paolo 2020 luxeuil the oxford handbook of latin paleography 185 186 colish marcia l 1999 medieval foundations of the western intellectual tradition 400 1400 the yale intellectual history of the west yale university press p 67 isbn 9780300078527 the production of the scriptorium at tours was reconstructed by rand edward kennard 1929 a survey of the manuscripts of tours harvard university press isbn 9780910956024 via medieval academy of america cite book cs1 maint ignored isbn errors link 1 2 slimane fouad schaban torsten margner volker august 2014 gmm based handwriting style identification system for historical documents 2014 6th international conference of soft computing and pattern recognition socpar tunis tunisia ieee p 389 doi 10 1109 socpar 2014 7008038 isbn 978 1 4799 5934 1 s2cid 14350674 wolfcoz i in german historisches lexikon der schweiz retrieved 20 december 2020 ullman berthold louis 1960 the origin and development of humanistic script rome ed di storia e letteratura p 12 ggkey sc91x3j9kag external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to carolingian minuscule manual of latin palaeography a comprehensive pdf file containing 82 pages profusely illustrated january 2024 carolingian minuscule at dr dianne tillotson s website devoted to medieval writing pfeffer mediæval a carolingian minuscule typeface which also includes gothic and runic characters network for the study of caroline minuscule an international forum dedicated to the study of the script more information at earlier latin manuscripts v t e types of handwritten european scripts ancient and medieval armenian roman rustic uncial visigothic merovingian carolingian insular script beneventan blackletter rotunda bastarda georgian greek early cyrillic ustav poluustav serbian cyrillic bosančica glagolitic angular court hand lombardic modern cursive chancery johannine humanist italic round secretary library technical lettering copperplate spencerian ronde kurrent russian cursive skoropis ukrainian skoropys shorthand teaching scripts barchowsky fluent handwriting d nealian getty dubay italic grundschrift palmer sütterlin vereinfachte ausgangsschrift zaner bloser v t e types of writing systems overview history of writing grapheme lists writing systems undeciphered inventors constructed languages by writing system by first written accounts types abjads numerals aramaic hatran arabic elifba egyptian hieroglyphs elymaic hebrew ashuri cursive rashi solitreo tifinagh mandaic manichaean nabataean ancient north arabian paleo hebrew pahlavi book inscriptional inscriptional parthian psalter pegon phoenician pitman shorthand proto sinaitic punic samaritan south arabian zabur musnad sogdian syriac ʾesṭrangēlā serṭā maḏnḥāyā teeline shorthand ugaritic abugidas brahmic northern bengali assamese bhaiksuki brahmi script devanagari dogri gujarati gupta gurmukhi kaithi kalinga khema khojki khudabadi laṇḍā lepcha mahajani marchen meitei modi multani nagari nandinagari nepalese scripts bhujimol golmol himmol kummol kvemmol kurukh pachumol newar ranjana tamyig tirhuta limbu litumol odia karani ʼphags pa sharada siddhaṃ soyombo sylheti nagri takri tibetan uchen umê tocharian zanabazar square southern ahom balinese batak baybayin bhattiprolu buda buhid chakma cham fakkham grantha goykanadi hanunoo javanese kadamba kannada karen kawi khmer khom thai kulitan lanna langdi lao leke lontara bilang bilang makasar malayalam old maldivian dhives akuru eveyla akuru mon burmese pallava pyu saurashtra shan sinhala sukhothai sundanese old sundanese tagbanwa tai le new tai lue tai noi tai tham tai viet lai tay tamil tamil brahmi tanchangya telugu thai tigalari ulu scripts incung lampung lembak ogan pasemah rejang serawai vatteluttu kolezhuthu malayanma others bharati boyd s syllabic shorthand canadian syllabics blackfoot déné syllabics dham fox i geʽez gunjala gondi japanese braille sarati jenticha kharosthi mandombe masaram gondi meroitic miao mwangwego pahawh hmong sorang sompeng tengwar thaana thomas natural shorthand warang citi rma alphabets linear adlam ariyaka armenian avestan pazend avoiuli bassa vah carian caucasian albanian cirth coelbren coorgi cox alphabet coptic cyrillic serbian early deseret duployan shorthand chinook eclectic shorthand elbasan enochian etruscan formosan fox ii franklin s phonetic fraser gabelsberger shorthand gadabuursi garay alphabet georgian asomtavruli nuskhuri mkhedruli veso bey glagolitic gothic gregg shorthand greek archaic greco iberian alphabet hangul hanifi hurûf ı munfasıla sunuwar kaddare kayah li klingon latin beneventan blackletter carolingian minuscule fraktur gaelic insular ipa kurrent merovingian sigla sütterlin tironian notes visigothic luo lycian lydian manchu medefaidrin mru mundari bani n ko ogham ol chiki old italic old permic orkhon yenisei old hungarian old uyghur mongolian evenki galik alphabet manchu oirat vagindra ol onal osage osmanya pau cin hau phrygian pisidian runic anglo saxon cipher dalecarlian elder futhark younger futhark gothic marcomannic medieval staveless shavian sidetic sorang sompeng sunuwar tifinagh todhri tolong siki vellara visible speech vithkuqi wancho warang citi yezidi zaghawa non linear braille flag semaphore maritime flags moon type new york point fingerspelling telegraph code ideograms adinkra aztec blissymbols dongba ersu shaba emoji isotype kaidā miꞌkmaw mixtec new epoch notation painting nsibidi anishinaabewibii iganan olmec siglas poveiras testerian yerkish zapotec logograms chinese family of scripts chinese characters simplified traditional oracle bone script bronze scripts seal script large small bird worm hanja kanji chữ nôm sawndip bowen chinese influenced jurchen khitan large script sui tangut cuneiform akkadian assyrian elamite hittite luwian sumerian other logosyllabic anatolian bagam cretan isthmian maya proto elamite tenevil wiigwaasabak yi classical logoconsonantal demotic hieratic hieroglyphs numerals hindu arabic abjad attic greek muisca roman other sitelen pona semi syllabaries full linear elamite celtiberian iberian northeastern southeastern khom dunging redundant espanca script pahawh hmong khitan small script southwest paleohispanic bopomofo quốc âm tân tự sign languages aslwrite signwriting si5s stokoe notation syllabaries afaka bamum bété byblos canadian aboriginal cherokee cypriot cypro minoan ditema tsa dinoko eskayan geba great lakes algonquian iban idu kana hiragana katakana man yōgana hentaigana sōgana jindai moji kikakui kpelle linear b linear elamite lisu loma nüshu nwagu aneke script old persian cuneiform sumerian vai woleai yi yugtun v t e braille braille cell 1829 braille international uniformity ascii braille unicode braille patterns braille scripts french ordered albanian cantonese catalan chinese mainland mandarin largely reassigned czech dutch 6 dot 8 dot english unified english esperanto french german ghanaian guarani hawaiian hungarian iñupiaq ipa irish italian latvian lithuanian luxembourgish extended to 8 dot maltese māori navajo nigerian philippine polish portuguese romanian samoan slovak south african spanish taiwanese mandarin largely reassigned turkish azerbaijani vietnamese welsh yugoslav zambian nordic family estonian faroese icelandic scandinavian danish finnish greenlandic northern sámi norwegian swedish russian lineage family i e cyrillic mediated scripts belarusian bulgarian kazakh kyrgyz mongolian russian tatar ukrainian egyptian lineage family i e arabic mediated scripts arabic persian urdu pakistan indian lineage family i e bharati braille devanagari hindi marathi nepali bengali bangla assamese gujarati kannada malayalam odia punjabi sinhala tamil telugu urdu india other scripts amharic armenian burmese dzongkha bhutanese georgian greek hebrew inuktitut reassigned vowels khmer thai and lao japanese vowels tibetan reordered algerian braille obsolete frequency based american braille obsolete independent chinese semi syllabaries cantonese mainland chinese mandarin taiwanese mandarin two cell chinese shuangpin japanese korean eight dot dutch luxembourgish kanji gardner salinas braille codes gs8 symbols in braille braille music canadian currency marks computer braille code gardner salinas braille codes science gs8 gs6 international phonetic alphabet ipa nemeth braille code braille technology braille e book braille embosser braille translator braille watch mountbatten brailler optical braille recognition perforation perkins brailler refreshable braille display slate and stylus braigo people louis braille charles barbier róża czacka valentin haüy harris mowbray thakur vishva narain singh maría del carmen ortiz de arce sabriye tenberken william bell wait organisations braille institute of america braille without borders japan braille library national braille association blindness organizations schools for the blind american printing house for the blind other tactile alphabets decapoint moon type new york point night writing 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