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talking therapies as they deal primarily with the cerebral cortex and higher reasoning areas and do not access the source of pain within the more basic parts of the central nervous system 31 primal therapy is used to re experience childhood pain i e felt rather than conceptual memories in an attempt to resolve the pain through complete processing and integration becoming real an intended objective of the therapy is to lessen or eliminate the hold early trauma exerts on adult behaviour social catharsis edit emotional situations can elicit physiological behavioral cognitive expressive and subjective changes in individuals affected individuals often use social sharing as a cathartic release of emotions bernard rimé studies the patterns of social sharing after emotional experiences his works suggest that individuals seek social outlets in an attempt to modify the situation and restore personal homeostatic balance rimé found that 80 95 of emotional episodes are shared the affected individuals talk about the emotional experience recurrently to people around them throughout the following hours days or weeks these results indicate that this response is irrespective of emotional valence gender education and culture his studies also found that social sharing of emotion increases as the intensity of the emotion increases 32 if emotions are shared socially and elicits emotion in the listener then the listener will likely share what they heard with other people rimé calls this process secondary social sharing if this repeats it is then called tertiary social sharing 32 stages edit émile durkheim proposed emotional stages of social sharing 33 directly after emotional effects the emotions are shared through sharing there is a reciprocal stimulation of emotions and emotional communion this leads to social effects like social integration and strengthening of beliefs finally individuals experience a renewed trust in life strength and self confidence motives edit affect scientists have found differences in motives for social sharing of positive and negative emotions a study by christopher langston 34 found that individuals share positive events to capitalize on the positive emotions they elicit reminiscing the positive experience augments positive affects like temporary mood and longer term well being a study by shelly gable et al 35 confirmed langston s capitalization theory by demonstrating that relationship quality is enhanced when partners are responsive to positive recollections the responsiveness increased levels of intimacy and satisfaction within the relationship in general the motives behind social sharing of positive events are to recall the positive emotions inform others and gain attention from others all three motives are representatives of capitalization bernard rimé studies suggest that the motives behind social sharing of negative emotions are to vent understand bond and gain social support negatively affected individuals often seek life meaning and emotional support to combat feelings of loneliness after a tragic event 32 reactions to emotional events edit when communities are affected by an emotional event members repetitively share emotional experiences after the 2001 new york and the 2004 madrid terrorist attacks more than 80 of respondents shared their emotional experience with others 36 according to bernard rimé every sharing round elicits emotional reactivation in the sender and the receiver this then reactivates the need to share in both social sharing throughout the community leads to high amounts of emotional recollection and emotional overheating james pennebaker and kent harber 37 defined three stages of collective responses to emotional events a state of emergency takes place in the first month after the emotional event in this stage there is an abundance of thoughts talks media coverage and social integration based on the event the plateau occurs in the second month abundant thoughts remain but the amount of talks media coverage and social integration decreases the extinction occurs after the second month there is a return to normalcy a critical perspective of collective catharsis edit frantz fanon in his book black skin white masks provides a multi dimensional and critical analysis of the manifestations and implications of colonial racism in early 1900 france including a critical conceptualization of collective catharsis within the context of colonial states fanon s perspective on collective catharsis highlights the psychological impact of cultural and social narratives on white as well as black individuals in european colonized contexts exploring how these narratives serve as a means of channeling collective aggression 38 and establishing social norms and attitudes that perpetuate racial stereotypes and negative self perceptions among black individuals intertwining social psychology and psychoanalysis fanon conceptualizes collective catharsis as a release of aggressive impulses a channel an outlet through which the forces accumulated in the form of aggression can be released 39 and analyzes how this aggressive release manifests for the white colonizers in the civilized context in an era where overtly cruel acts of racism such as lynching and slavery are frowned upon and no longer a commonplace reality fanon explores how the white population finds more subtle outlets for their aggressive impulses through acts of collective catharsis did the little black child see his father beaten or lynched by a white man has there been a real traumatism to all of this we have to answer no well then if we want to answer correctly we have to fall back on the idea of collective catharsis 39 fanon highlights how popular entertainment such as children s magazines or comic books often portrays evil spirits as black individuals and other racialized figures and thereby serves as a cathartic release for the collective aggression of the white colonizers 39 in these stories the socially unacceptable racist desires of white individuals are sublimated through fiction and pop culture allowing for the dehumanization and derogation of black individuals and so too in this way are the establishment of social norms and attitudes that perpetuate racial stereotypes argued as acts of collective catharsis by the dominant white hegemony fanon underscores that because the black individual is immersed in this white centric hegemonic state they are implicated in this collective catharsis as not only the target of the aggressive release but also as the perpetrators 39 in engagement with these derogatory fictions or channels of collective catharsis the black individual identifies with the white hero and encourages their defeat of the uncivilized black antagonists this co perpetration and identification with the white protagonists of fiction and society results in the black individual internalizing these oppressive narratives thereby developing an incongruence between their actual and ideal selves that is inherently unbreachable journal therapy edit journal therapy causes someone to achieve psychological catharsis through writing about their experiences americans ira progoff and james pennebaker are two notable practitioners each having written extensively on this and related topics citation needed effects edit this cathartic release of emotions is often believed to be therapeutic for affected individuals many therapeutic mechanisms have been seen to aid in emotional recovery one example is interpersonal emotion regulation in which listeners help to modify the affected individual s affective state by using certain strategies 40 expressive writing is another common mechanism for personal catharsis joanne frattaroli 41 published a meta analysis suggesting that written disclosure of information thoughts and feelings enhances mental health there has been much debate about the use of catharsis in the reduction of anger some scholars believe that blowing off steam may reduce physiological stress in the short term but this reduction may act as a reward mechanism reinforcing the behavior and promoting future outbursts 42 43 44 45 46 however other studies have suggested that using violent media may decrease hostility under periods of stress 47 legal scholars have linked personal catharsis to closure 48 an individual s desire for a firm answer to a question and an aversion toward ambiguity and satisfaction which can be applied to affective strategies as diverse as retribution on one hand and forgiveness on the other 49 some studies question the benefits of social catharsis catrin finkenauer and colleagues 50 found that non shared memories were no more emotionally triggering than shared ones other studies have also failed to prove that social catharsis leads to any degree of emotional recovery emmanuelle zech and bernard rimé 51 asked participants to recall and share a negative experience with an experimenter when compared with the control group that only discussed unemotional topics there was no correlation between emotional sharing and emotional recovery some studies even found adverse effects of social catharsis contrary to the frattaroli study david sbarra and colleagues 52 found expressive writing to greatly impede emotional recovery following a marital separation similar findings have been published regarding trauma recovery a group intervention technique is often used on disaster victims to prevent trauma related disorders however meta analysis showed negative effects of this cathartic therapy 53 see also edit abreaction psychoanalytical term closure psychology psychological term for one s need for an answer to something dissociation psychology feeling of detachment from reality hesychasm eastern christian contemplative prayer kenosis christian theological concept kairosis sublimation psychology psychological defense mechanism theories of humor conjectures explaining humor notes edit katharsis collins english dictionary retrieved 2026 03 24 1 2 berndtson arthur 1975 art expression and beauty krieger p 235 isbn 9780882752174 the theory of catharsis has a disarming affinity with the expressional theory since it emphasizes emotion asserts a change in emotion as a result of aesthetic operations and concludes on a note of freedom in relation to the emotion 1 2 levin richard 2003 looking for an argument critical encounters with the new approaches to the criticism of shakespeare and his contemporaries fairleigh dickinson univ press p 42 isbn 9780838639641 catharsis in shakespearean tragedy involves some kind of restoration of order and a renewal or enhancement of our positive feelings for the hero 1 2 catharsis merriam webster s encyclopedia of literature merriam webster 1995 p 217 isbn 9780877790426 1 2 aristotle poetics 1449b 1 2 catharsis criticism encyclopædia britannica 28 may 2023 burkert 1992 p 64 1 2 burkert 1992 p 56 burkert notes parallels with a bilingual akkadian sumerian ritual text 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attacks in madrid european journal of soc...