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eaty and a concordat with italy in 1929 confirming the existence of an independent vatican city in return for recognition of the kingdom of italy and papal neutrality in world conflicts 58 in article 24 of the concordat the papacy promised to remain outside temporal conflicts unless the parties concerned jointly appealed for the pacifying mission of the holy see 292 pius xi signed the reichskoncordat in 1933 hoping to protect catholicism under the nazi government 58 although the treaty was an extension of concordats signed with prussia and bavaria it was more like a surrender than anything else it involved the suicide of the centre party 117 the german catholic church had been persecuted after the nazi takeover 105 the vatican was anxious to conclude a concordat with the new government despite its ongoing attacks 123 and the nazis began to breach the agreement shortly after it was signed 24 from 1933 to 1936 pius made several written protests against the nazis and his attitude toward italy changed in 1938 after nazi racial policies were adopted there 58 cardinal eugenio pacelli was pius secretary of state pacelli made about 55 protests against nazi policies including its ideology of race 293 since the nazi takeover the vatican had taken diplomatic action to defend german jews of germany pius urged mussolini to ask hitler to restrain nazi antisemitism in the spring of 1933 294 and told a group of pilgrims that antisemitism was incompatible with christianity 295 as the government began to institute its program of antisemitism pius through pacelli ordered berlin nuncio cesare orsenigo to look into whether and how it may be possible to become involved in their aid orsenigo was more concerned with the impact of nazi anti clericalism on german catholics however than with helping german jews cardinal theodor innitzer called him timid and ineffective in addressing the worsening situation for german jews 296 encyclicals edit pius issued three encyclicals against italian fascism non abbiamo bisogno we do not need to acquaint you in 1931 and against nazism mit brennender sorge with deep concern and communism divini redemptoris in 1937 he also challenged the extre nationalism of the action française movement and antisemitism in the united states 58 non abbiamo bisogno condemned fascism s pagan worship of the state and its revolution which snatches the young from the church and from jesus christ and which inculcates in its own young people hatred violence and irreverence 76 cardinal michael von faulhaber drafted the holy see s response to the nazi fascist axis in january 1937 pius issued mit brennender sorge in march noting the threatening storm clouds of a religious war over germany 24 he commissioned john lafarge jr to draft an encyclical humani generis unitas the unity of the human race demonstrating the incompatibility of catholicism and racism pius did not issue the encyclical before his death neither did pius xii fearing that it might antagonize italy and germany when he hoped to negotiate peace 297 pius xii edit main article vatican city in world war ii further information pope pius xii and the holocaust pope pius xii and the german resistance pope pius xii and judaism and pope pius xii and the raid on the roman ghetto members of the canadian royal 22nd regiment in an audience with pius after the 1944 liberation of rome eugenio pacelli was elected to succeed pope pius xi at the march 1939 papal conclave taking the name of his predecessor as a sign of continuity he became pope pius xii 298 and tried to broker peace during the run up to the war as the holy see had done during the pontificate of pope benedict xv 1914 1922 during world war i the vatican under pius xii pursued a policy of diplomatic neutrality throughout world war ii pius like benedict described vatican neutrality as impartiality 299 he did not identify the nazis in his wartime condemnations of racism and genocide although he was praised by world leaders and jewish groups after his death in 1958 for saving the lives of thousands of jews the fact that he did not specifically condemn what was later called the holocaust has tarnished his legacy 300 pius shared intelligence with the allies about the german resistance and the planned invasion of the low countries early in the war and lobbied mussolini to remain neutral 299 he hoped for a negotiated peace to keep the conflict from spreading like minded us president franklin d roosevelt re established american diplomatic relations with the vatican after a seventy year hiatus dispatching myron charles taylor as his representative 301 pius warmly welcomed roosevelt s envoy 302 who urged him to explicitly condemn nazi atrocities although pius opposed the evils of modern warfare he did not go further 303 pius used vatican radio to promote aid to thousands of war refugees and saved thousands of jews by instructing the church to provide discreet aid 76 to confidantes hitler scorned him as a blackmailer 304 who constricted mussolini and leaked confidential german correspondence to the world 305 in return for church opposition he vowed retribution to the last farthing after the war 190 early pontificate edit nazi authorities disapproved of pacelli s election as pope so outspoken were pacelli s criticisms that hitler s government lobbied against him trying to prevent his becoming the successor to pius xi when he did become pope as pius xii in march 1939 nazi germany was the only government not to send a representative to his coronation 306 goebbels noted in a 4 march 1939 diary entry that hitler was considering abrogating the reichskoncordat this will surely happen when pacelli undertakes his first hostile act 307 according to joseph lichten pacelli had obviously established his position clearly for the fascist governments of both italy and germany spoke out vigorously against the possibility of his election to succeed pius xi in march 1939 though the cardinal secretary of state had served as papal nuncio in germany from 1917 to 1929 308 heinrich himmler s ss newspaper das schwarze korps the black corps had called pacelli a co conspirator with jews and communists against nazism and decried his election as the chief rabbi of the christians boss of the firm of judah rome 144 pius selected cardinal luigi maglione as his secretary of state and retained domenico tardini and giovanni montini the future pope paul vi as undersecretaries of state although maglione was pro democracy and anti dictatorship and detested hitler and thought mussolini a clown pius largely reserved diplomatic matters for himself 309 hoping to stop hitler s war he delivered a 24 august appeal for peace the day after the signing of the molotov ribbentrop pact 310 it has been argued that pacelli dissuaded pius xi who was near death 311 from condemning kristallnacht in november 1938 312 313 the draft of the proposed encyclical humani generis unitas on the unity of human society ready in september 1938 314 was not forwarded to the vatican by superior general of the society of jesus wlodimir ledóchowski 315 the draft encyclical clearly condemned colonialism racism and antisemitism 315 316 some historians have argued that pacelli learned about its existence only after the death of pius xi and did not promulgate it as pope a summi pontificatus edit on 31 august the day before the war pius wrote to the german polish italian british and french governments that he was unwilling to abandon hope that pending negotiations might lead to a just pacific solution and beseeching the germans and polish in the name of god to avoid any incident and for the british french and italians to support his appeal the pending negotiations were nazi propaganda the following day hitler invaded poland 318 summi pontificatus on the limitations of the authority of the state issued on 20 october 1939 established several themes of pius papacy 297 in diplomatic language he endorsed catholic resistance and disapproved of racism antisemitism the invasion of poland and church persecution 319 and calls on italians to remain faithful to the church pius avoided accusing hitler and stalin adopting an impartial public tone for which he has been criticised 320 in poland the nazis murdered over 2 500 monks and priests more were imprisoned 230 secret meetings with nazi officials edit starting in 1939 pius engaged in backchannel negotiations with hitler the existence of these talks was kept hidden by the catholic church until the opening of the pius archives to scholars in 2020 the archives contain several transcripts and documents noting ongoing communications between pius and hitler largely through philipp landgrave of hesse a nazi official both sides took steps to prevent such meetings from becoming public knowledge furthermore both sides expressed a desire to reach an agreement to achieve peace between the reich and the church in january 1940 pius gave hesse a five point memo on how to improve relations with the church all five of which were concerned with the rights and freedoms of the church hitler agreed with this memo on principle and sent his foreign minister joachim von ribbentrop to publicly meet with the pope in march meetings continued until the spring of 1941 but no formal agreement emerged there is no indication that pius brought up the nazis persecution of jews as an issue throughout any of the meetings 321 historian david kertzer concluded that from the viewpoint of protecting the church as an institution the talks could be considered a success however he argues they were a sharp disappointment from the viewpoint of moral leadership as the pope resisted great pressure to denounce the nazi regime until the end 321 assistance edit holy see policy focused on preventing mussolini from bringing italy into the war 322 italian foreign minister galeazzo ciano complained in april 1940 to vatican secretary of state maglione that too many priests were preaching sermons about peace and peace demonstrations perhaps inspired by the vatican and the italian ambassador to the holy see complained that l osservatore romano was too favourable to the democracies 323 pius advised the british in 1940 of the readiness of certain german generals to overthrow hitler if they could be assured of an honourable peace offered assistance to the german resistance in the event of a coup and warned the allies of the planned german invasion of the low countries in 1940 247 249 297 his private secretary robert leiber was the intermediary between pius and the resistance he met with josef müller who visited rome in 1939 and 1940 324 the vatican considered müller a representative of colonel general ludwig beck and agreed to assist with mediation 248 249 the vatican agreed to send a letter outlining the bases for peace with britain and papal participation was used to try to persuade senior german generals halder and brauchitsch to act against hitler 247 when the venlo incident stalled the talks the british agreed to resume discussions because of the efforts of the pope and the respect in which he was held chamberlain and halifax set great store by the pope s readiness to mediate 248 although the british government remained non committal the resistance were encouraged by the talks and müller told leiber that a coup would take place in february 325 on 4 may 1940 the vatican advised the dutch government envoy to the vatican that the germans planned to invade france through the netherlands and belgium six days later 326 alfred jodl noted in a 7 may diary entry that the germans knew the belgian envoy to the vatican had been tipped of and hitler was agitated by the treachery 327 after the fall of france peace overtures emanated from the vatican sweden and the united states churchill responded that germany would first have to free its conquered territories 328 in 1942 us envoy myron c taylor thanked the holy see for the forthright and heroic expressions of indignation made by pope pius xii when germany invaded the low countries 329 müller was arrested in a 1943 raid on the abwehr and spent the rest of the war in concentration camps ending up at dachau 250 the raid was a serious blow to the resistance and hans bernd gisevius replaced müller 324 after the fall of france pius wrote confidentially to hitler churchill and mussolini proposing to mediate a just and honourable peace and asking for advice about how such an offer would be received 330 when the war turned against the axis powers by 1943 and ciano was relieved of his post and sent to the vatican as ambassador hitler suspected that he was arranging a separate peace with the allies 331 aid to jews edit at the end of pius xi s pontificate pacelli received word from nuncios about increased persecution of german jews he developed a strategy to work behind the scenes to help them because he believed any form of denunciation in the name of the vatican would inevitably provoke further reprisals against the jews 332 during his pontificate catholic institutions across europe were opened to shelter jews 333 israeli historian pinchas lapide interviewed war survivors and concluded that pius was instrumental in saving at least 700 000 but probably as many as 860 000 jews from certain death at nazi hands although most historians dispute this estimate 334 rabbi david dalin called lapide s book the definitive work by a jewish scholar on the holocaust 335 in an open letter to the bishop of cologne nuncio pacelli described hitler as a false prophet of lucifer hitler returned his scorn 336 after kristallnacht in 1938 the vatican took steps to find refuge for jews 333 l osservatore romano reported that pacelli as secretary of state condemned the pogrom 336 on 30 november pacelli sent an encoded message to archbishops around the world instructing them to apply for visas for non aryan catholics to leave germany although the reichskoncordat had provided for the protection of christian converts pacelli intended to extend the visas to all jews about 200 000 jews escaped the nazis with vatican visas 337 in accordance with secret orders from pius giovanni ferrofino obtained visas from the portuguese government and the dominican republic to secure the escape of 10 000 jews 338 in response to mussolini s anti jewish legislation pacelli arranged for jewish friends doctors scholars and scientists to emigrate to palestine and the americas twenty three were appointed in vatican educational institutions 293 339 when war broke out local bishops were instructed to assist those in need 333 in 1940 nazi foreign minister joachim von ribbentrop led the only senior nazi delegation permitted an audience with pius asked why the pope had sided with the allies pius replied with a list of recent nazi atrocities and religious persecutions committed against christians and jews in germany and poland the new york times reported the burning words he spoke to herr ribbentrop about religious persecution 293 in 1942 pius delivered a ...