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synthesized without the use of any biologically derived enzymes in 1992 by kobayashi and shoda cellulose chains linked by hydrogen bonds cellulose structure edit cellulose is a polymer made of repeating glucose molecules attached end to end 4 a cellulose molecule may be from several hundred to over 10 000 glucose units long cellulose is similar in form to complex carbohydrates like starch and glycogen these polysaccharides are also made from multiple subunits of glucose the difference between cellulose and other complex carbohydrate molecules is how the glucose molecules are linked together in addition cellulose is a straight chain polymer and each cellulose molecule is long and rod like this differs from starch which is a coiled molecule a result of these differences in structure is that compared to starch and other carbohydrates cellulose cannot be broken down into its glucose subunits by any enzymes produced by animals types edit natural cellulose fibers edit natural cellulose fibers are still recognizable as being from a part of the original plant because they are only processed as much as needed to clean the fibers for use citation needed for example cotton fibers look like the soft fluffy cotton balls that they come from linen fibers look like the strong fibrous strands of the flax plant all natural fibers go through a process where they are separated from the parts of the plant that are not used for the end product usually through harvesting separating from chaff scouring etc the presence of linear chains of thousands of glucose units linked together allows a great deal of hydrogen bonding between oh groups on adjacent chains causing them to pack closely into cellulose fibers as a result cellulose exhibits little interaction with water or any other solvent cotton and wood for example are completely insoluble in water and have considerable mechanical strength since cellulose does not have a helical structure like amylose it does not bind to iodine to form a colored product manufactured cellulose fibers edit manufactured cellulose fibers come from plants that are processed into a pulp and then extruded in the same ways that synthetic fibers like polyester or nylon are made rayon or viscose is one of the most common manufactured cellulose fibers and it can be made from wood pulp fibers may also be produced from laminaria hyperborea nozzle pressurized gyration and wet spinning along with resonant acoustic mixing 5 structure and properties edit natural fibers are composed by microfibrils of cellulose in a matrix of hemicellulose and lignin this type of structure and the chemical composition of them is responsible for the mechanical properties that can be observed because the natural fibers make hydrogen bonds between the long chains they have the necessary stiffness and strength chemical composition edit the major constituents of natural fibers lignocelluloses are cellulose hemicellulose lignin pectin and ash the percentage of each component varies for each different type of fiber however generally are around 60 80 cellulose 5 20 lignin and 20 of moisture besides hemicellulose and a small percent of residual chemical components the properties of the fiber change depending on the amount of each component since the hemicellulose is responsible for the moisture absorption bio and thermal degradation whereas lignin ensures thermal stability but is responsible for the uv degradation the chemical composition of common natural fibers are shown below 6 these vary depending on whether the fiber is a bast fiber obtained from the bark a core fiber obtained from the wood or a leaf fiber obtained from the leaves type of fiber cellulose lignin hemicellulose pectin ash bast fiber fiber flax 71 2 2 18 6 20 6 2 3 seed flax 43 47 21 23 24 26 5 kenaf 31 57 15 19 21 5 23 2 5 jute 45 71 5 12 26 13 6 21 0 2 0 5 2 hemp 57 77 3 7 13 14 22 4 0 9 0 8 ramie 68 6 91 0 6 0 7 5 16 7 1 9 core fiber kenaf 37 49 15 21 18 24 2 4 jute 41 48 21 24 18 22 0 8 leaf fiber abaca 56 63 7 9 15 17 3 sisal 47 78 7 11 10 24 10 0 6 1 henequen 77 6 13 1 4 8 mechanical properties edit cellulose fiber response to mechanical stresses change depending on fiber type and chemical structure present information about main mechanical properties are shown in the chart below and can be compared to properties of commonly used fibers such glass fiber aramid fiber and carbon fiber fiber density g cm 3 elongation tensile strength mpa young s modulus gpa cotton 1 5 1 6 3 0 10 0 287 597 5 5 12 6 jute 1 3 1 46 1 5 1 8 393 800 10 30 flax 1 4 1 5 1 2 3 2 345 1500 27 6 80 hemp 1 48 1 6 550 900 70 ramie 1 5 2 0 3 8 220 938 44 128 sisal 1 33 1 5 2 0 14 400 700 9 0 38 0 coir 1 2 15 0 30 0 175 220 4 0 6 0 softwood kraft 1 5 1000 40 0 e glass 2 5 2 5 3 0 2000 3500 70 0 s glass 2 5 2 8 4570 86 0 aramid 1 4 3 3 3 7 3000 3150 63 0 67 0 carbon 1 4 1 4 1 8 4000 230 0 240 0 surface and interfacial properties edit hydrophilicity roughness and surface charge determine the interaction of cellulose fibers with an aqueous environment already in 1950 the charge at the interface between cotton as the predominant cellulose fiber and an aqueous surrounding was investigated by the streaming potential method to assess the surface zeta potential 7 due to the high swelling propensity of lignocellulosic fibers a correlation between the zeta potential and the water uptake capability has been observed 8 even for the use of waste fibers as a reinforcement in composite materials sized fibers have been probed by an aqueous test solution 9 a review on the electrokinetic properties of natural fibers including cellulose and lignocellulosic fibers is found in the handbook of natural fibers 10 applications edit composite materials edit matrix fiber epoxy abaca bamboo jute natural rubber coir sisal nitrile rubber jute phenol formaldehyde jute polyethylene kenaf pineapple sisal wood fiber polypropylene flax jute kenaf sunhemp wheat straw wood fiber polystyrene wood polyurethane wood polyvinyl chloride wood polyester banana jute pineapple sunhemp styrene butadiene jute rubber oil palm composite materials are a class of material most often made by the combination of a fiber with a binder material matrix this combination mixes the properties of the fiber with the matrix to create a new material that may be stronger than the fiber alone when combined with polymers cellulose fibers are used to create some fiber reinforced materials such as biocomposites and fiber reinforced plastics the table displays different polymer matrices and the cellulose fibers they are often mixed with 11 since macroscopic characteristics of fibers influence the behavior of the resulting composite the following physical and mechanical properties are of particular interest dimensions the relationship between the length and diameter of the fibers is a determining factor in the transfer of efforts to the matrix additionally the irregular cross section and fibrillated appearance of plant fibers helps anchor them within a fragile matrix void volume and water absorption fibers are fairly porous with a large volume of internal voids as a result when the fibers are immersed in the binding material they absorb a large amount of matrix high absorption can cause fiber shrinkage and matrix swelling however a high void volume contributes to reduced weight increased acoustic absorption and low thermal conductivity of the final composite material tensile strength similar on average to the polypropylene s fibers clarification needed elastic modulus cellulosic fibers have a low modulus of elasticity this determines its use in building components working in post cracked stage with high energy absorption and resistance to dynamic forces clarification needed textile edit in the textile industry regenerated cellulose is used as fibers such as rayon including modal and the more recently developed lyocell cellulose fibers are manufactured from dissolving pulp 12 cellulose based fibers are of two types regenerated or pure cellulose such as from the cupro ammonium process and modified cellulose such as the cellulose acetates the first artificial fiber commercially promoted as artificial silk became known as viscose around 1894 and finally rayon in 1924 a similar product known as cellulose acetate was discovered in 1865 rayon and acetate are both artificial fibers but not fully synthetic being a product of a chemically digested feedstock comprising natural wood they are also not an artificial construction of silk which is a fibrous polymer of animal proteins although these artificial fibers were discovered in the mid nineteenth century successful modern manufacture began much later filtration edit the cellulose fibers infiltration filter aid applications can provide a protective layer to filter elements as powdered cellulose besides promoting improved throughput and clarity citation needed as ashless and non abrasive filtration make cleanup effortless after the filtering process without damage in pumps or valves they effectively filter metallic impurities and absorb up to 100 of emulsified oil and boiler condensates in general cellulose fibers in filtration applications can greatly improve filtration performance when used as a primary or remedial precoat in the following ways bridging gaps in the filter septum and small mechanical leaks in the gaskets and leaf seats improving the stability of the filter aid cake to make it more resistant to pressure bumps and interruptions creating a more uniform precoat with no cracks for more effective filtration surface area improving cake release and reducing cleaning requirements preventing fine particulate bleed through precoating easily and rapidly and reducing soluble contamination comparison with other fibers edit in comparison with engineered fibers cellulose fibers have important advantages as low density low cost they can be recyclable and are biodegradable 13 due to its advantages cellulose fibers can be used as a substitute for glass fibers in composite materials environmental issues edit what is often marketed as bamboo fiber is actually not the fibers that grow in their natural form from the bamboo plants but instead a highly processed bamboo pulp that is extruded as fibers 12 although the process is not as environmentally friendly as bamboo fiber appears planting harvesting bamboo for fiber can in certain cases be more sustainable and environmentally friendly than harvesting slower growing trees and clearing existing forest habitats for timber plantations see also edit fiber modification references edit cellulose fiber the free online dictionary retrieved october 22 2021 ardanuy mònica claramunt josep toledo filho romildo dias 2015 cellulosic fiber reinforced cement based composites a review of recent research construction and building materials 79 115 128 doi 10 1016 j conbuildmat 2015 01 035 hdl 2117 26136 cellulose molecular and structural biology selected articles on the synthesis structure and applications of cellulose brown r malcolm richard malcolm 1939 saxena i m inder m dordrecht springer 2007 isbn 9781402053801 oclc 187314758 cite book cs1 maint others link carbohydrates cellulose archived from the original on december 11 2018 retrieved december 10 2018 dai yanqi sun dongyang sundaram senthilarasu delbusso angelo o rourke dominic dorris mark edirisinghe mohan january 1 2024 facile synthesis from laminaria hyperborea to cellulose films and fibers cellulose 31 1 205 216 doi 10 1007 s10570 023 05606 w issn 1572 882x xue l g tabil l panigrahi s 2007 chemical treatments of natural fiber for use in natural fiber reinforced composites a review journal of polymers and the environment 15 1 25 33 doi 10 1007 s10924 006 0042 3 s2cid 96323385 mason s g goring d a i june 1 1950 electrokinetic properties of cellulose fibers ii zeta potential measurements by the stream compression method canadian journal of research 28b 6 323 338 doi 10 1139 cjr50b 040 issn 1923 4287 bismarck alexander aranberri askargorta ibon springer jürgen lampke thomas wielage bernhard stamboulis artemis shenderovich ilja limbach hans heinrich 2002 surface characterization of flax hemp and cellulose fibers surface properties and the water uptake behavior polymer composites 23 5 872 894 doi 10 1002 pc 10485 issn 0272 8397 pothan laly a bellman cornelia kailas lekshmi thomas sabu january 1 2002 influence of chemical treatments on the electrokinetic properties of cellulose fibres journal of adhesion science and technology 16 2 157 178 doi 10 1163 156856102317293687 issn 0169 4243 s2cid 94420824 luxbacher thomas january 1 2020 9 electrokinetic properties of natural fibres in kozłowski ryszard m mackiewicz talarczyk maria eds handbook of natural fibres second edition the textile institute book series woodhead publishing pp 323 353 doi 10 1016 b978 0 12 818782 1 00009 2 isbn 978 0 12 818782 1 saheb d n jog j p 1999 natural fiber polymer composites a review advances in polymer technology 18 4 351 363 doi 10 1002 sici 1098 2329 199924 18 4 351 aid adv6 3 0 co 2 x 1 2 fletcher kate 2008 sustainable fashion and textiles design journeys london earthscan isbn 9781849772778 oclc 186246363 mohanty a k misra m hinrichsen g 2000 biofibres biodegradable polymers and biocomposites an overview macromolecular materials and engineering 276 277 1 1 24 doi 10 1002 sici 1439 2054 20000301 276 1 1 aid mame1 3 0 co 2 w external links edit dissolving of cellulosics archived april 3 2013 at the wayback machine v t e fibers natural plant abacá bagasse bamboo bashō coir cotton fique flax linen hemp jute kapok kenaf lotus silk piña pine raffia ramie rattan sisal wood animal alpaca angora byssus camel hair cashmere catgut chiengora guanaco hair llama mohair pashmina qiviut rabbit silk tendon spider silk wool vicuña yak mineral asbestos synthetic regenerated artificial silk milk fiber semi synthetic acetate diacetate lyocell modal piñatex rayon triacetate mineral boron basalt carbon glass wool metallic mineral wool polymer acrylic aramid twaron kevlar technora nomex microfiber modacrylic nylon olefin polyester polyethylene uhmwpe spandex thinsulate vectran vinylon vinyon zylon category authority control databases international gnd national united states israel other yale lux retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title cellulose_fiber oldid 1368507486 categories cellulose fibers materials textiles hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata use american english from march 2021 all wikipedia articles written in american english use mdy dates from march 2021 cs1 maint others all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from august 2018 wikipedia articles needing clarification from january 2019 cs1 long volume value webarchive template wayback links this page was last edited on 9 august 2026 at 13 02 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative 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