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vised the qing court that it was unwise for the manchu elite to live apart from and treat the han chinese majority as something less than human warning that this not only weakened china in the present but would cause a revolution in the future 114 after speaking so bluntly gordon was ordered out of the court in beijing but was allowed to stay at tianjin 115 after meeting with him there hart described gordon as very eccentric and spending hours in prayer writing that as much i like and respect him i must say he is not all there whether religion or vanity or the softening of the brain i don t know but he seems to be alternatively arrogant and slavish vain and humble in his senses and out of them it s a great pity wade echoed hart writing that gordon had changed since his last time in china and was now unbalanced being utterly convinced that all of his ideas came from god making him dangerously unreasonable since he now believed that everything he did was the will of god 115 gordon was ordered home by london as the foreign office was not comfortable with the idea of him commanding the chinese army against russia if war should break out believing that this would cause an anglo russian war and gordon was told that he would be dishonourably discharged if he remained in china 116 although the qing court rejected gordon s advice to seek a compromise with russia in the summer of 1880 gordon s assessment of china s military backwardness and his stark warnings that the russians would win if a war did break out played an important role in ultimately strengthening the peace party at the court and preventing war 117 gordon returned to britain and rented a flat on 8 victoria grove in london in october 1880 he paid a two week visit to ireland landing at cork and travelling over much of the island gordon was sickened by the poverty of the irish farmers which led him to write a six page memo to the prime minister william gladstone urging land reforms in ireland 118 119 gordon wrote the peasantry of the northwest and southwest of ireland are much worse off than any of the inhabitants of bulgaria asia minor china india or the sudan 120 having been to all of those places and thus speaking with some authority gordon announced the scandal of poverty in ireland could only be ended if the government were to buy the land from the ascendency families as the anglo irish elite was known and give it to their poor irish tenant farmers 120 gordon compared his plans for rural reform in ireland to the abolition of slavery in the british empire in 1833 and ended his letter with the assertion that if this were done the unity of the united kingdom would be preserved as the irish would appreciate this great act of justice and the irish independence movement would cease to exist as they would have nothing more to seek from agitation 120 besides championing land reform in ireland gordon spent the winter of 1880 81 in london socialising with his family and his few friends such as florence nightingale and alfred tennyson 120 gordon caricatured by ape in vanity fair in 1881 in april 1881 gordon left for mauritius as commander royal engineers he remained in mauritius until march 1882 the american historian john semple galbraith described gordon as suffering from utter boredom during his time there 121 gordon saw his work in building forts to protect mauritius from a possible russian naval attack as pointless and his main achievement during his time there was to advise the crown to turn the seychelles islands whose beauty had greatly moved gordon into a new crown colony as gordon argued it was impossible to govern the seychelles from port louis 120 in a memo to london gordon warned against over reliance on the suez canal where the russians could easily sink one ship to block the entire canal thus leading gordon to advise upon improving the cape route to india with britain developing a series of bases in africa and in the indian ocean gordon visited the seychelles in the summer of 1881 and decided the islands were the location of the garden of eden 120 on the island of praslin in the valle de mai gordon believed that he found the tree of the knowledge of good and evil in the form of a coco de mer tree which fruit bore a close resemblance to a woman s body 122 gordon was promoted to major general on 23 march 1882 123 being unemployed gordon decided to go to palestine which at the time was part of the ottoman vilayet of syria 124 a region he had long desired to visit where he would remain for a year 1882 83 during his career break in the holy land the very religious gordon sought to explore his faith and biblical sites 125 in jerusalem gordon lived with an american lawyer horatio spafford and his wife anna spafford who were the leaders of the american colony in the holy city 126 the spaffords had lost their home and much of their fortune in the great chicago fire and then had seen one of their sons die of scarlet fever four of their daughters drowned in a shipwreck followed by the death of another son from scarlet fever causing them to turn to religion as consolation for unbearable tragedy making them very congenial company for gordon during his stay in jerusalem 126 after his visit gordon suggested in his book reflections in palestine 127 a different location for golgotha the site of christ s crucifixion the site lies north of the traditional site at the church of the holy sepulchre and is now known as the garden tomb or sometimes as gordon s calvary 128 gordon s interest was prompted by his religious beliefs as he had become an evangelical christian in 1854 129 king leopold ii then asked gordon again to take charge of the congo free state 130 he accepted and returned to london to make preparations but soon after his arrival the british requested that he proceed immediately to the sudan where the situation had deteriorated badly after his departure another revolt had arisen led by the self proclaimed mahdi mohammed ahmed the mahdi is a messianic figure in islam which tradition holds will appear at the dawn of every new islamic century to strike down the enemies of islam 131 the year 1881 was the islamic year 1298 and to mark the coming of the new century ahmed announced that he was the mahdi and proclaimed a jihad against the egyptian state the long exploitation of the sudan by egypt led many sudanese to rally to the mahdi s black banner as he promised to expel the egyptians whom ahmed denounced as apostates and he announced he would establish an islamic fundamentalist state marking a return to the pure islam said to have been practised in the days of the prophet mohamed in arabia 131 additionally baring s policy of raising taxes to pay off the debts isma il had run up sparked much resentment in both egypt and the sudan 132 in 1882 nationalist rage in egypt against baring s economic policies led to the revolt by colonel urabi pasha which was put down by anglo egyptian troops from september 1882 onwards egypt was a de facto british protectorate effectively ruled by baring though in theory egypt remained an ottoman province with a very wide degree of autonomy until 1914 with egypt under british rule the british also inherited the problems of egypt s colony the sudan which the egyptians were losing control of to the mahdi 133 mahdist uprising edit see also mahdist war mission to khartoum edit muhammad ahmad the self proclaimed mahdi the egyptian forces in the sudan were insufficient to cope with the rebels and the northern government was occupied with the suppression of the urabi revolt by september 1882 the egyptian position in the sudan had grown perilous in september 1883 an egyptian army force under colonel william hicks set out to destroy the mahdi the egyptian soldiers were miserable fallāḥīn conscripts who had no interest in being in the sudan much less in fighting the mahdi and morale was so poor that hicks had to chain his men together to prevent them from deserting 134 on 3 5 november 1883 the ansar whom the british called dervishes as the mahdi s followers were known destroyed the egyptian army of 8 000 under colonel hicks at el obeid with only about 250 egyptians surviving and hicks being one of the slain 134 the ansar captured a large number of remington rifles and ammunition cases together with many krupp artillery guns and their shells 125 after the battle of el obeid egyptian morale never high to begin with simply collapsed and the black flag of the mahdi soon flew over many towns in the sudan 134 by the end of 1883 the egyptians held only the ports on the red sea and a narrow belt of land around the nile in northern sudan in both cases naval power was the key factor as gunboats in the red sea and on the nile provided a degree of firepower with which the ansar could not cope 135 the only other place to hold out for a time was a region in the south held by the governor of equatoria emin pasha following the destruction of hicks s army the liberal prime minister william ewart gladstone decided that the sudan was not worth the trouble it would take to keep and that the region should be abandoned to the mahdi in december 1883 the british government ordered egypt to abandon the sudan but that was difficult to carry out as it involved the withdrawal of thousands of egyptian soldiers civilian employees and their families 136 at the beginning of 1884 gordon had no interest in the sudan and had just been hired to work as an officer with the newly established congo free state gordon despite or rather because of his war hero status disliked publicity and tried to avoid the press when he was in britain 135 while staying with his sister in southampton gordon received an unexpected visitor namely william thomas stead the editor of the pall mall gazette to whom gordon reluctantly agreed to give an interview 137 gordon wanted to talk about the congo but stead kept on pressing him to talk about the sudan finally after much prompting on stead s part gordon opened up and attacked gladstone s sudan policy coming out for an intervention to defeat the mahdi 138 gordon offered up a 19th century anticipation of the domino theory claiming the danger arises from the influence which the spectacle of a conquering mahometan power established close to your frontiers will exercise upon the population which you govern in all the cities of egypt it will be felt that what the mahdi has done they may do and as he has driven out the intruder they may do the same 139 stead published his interview on 9 january 1884 on the front page of the pall mall gazette alongside an editorial of his titled chinese gordon for the sudan 139 urban wrote with this leader william stead s real motive in going to southampton revealed itself at last as to who tipped him off that the general would be staying here for just a couple of nights we can only speculate 140 stead s interview caused a media sensation and led to a popular clamour for gordon to be sent to the sudan 141 urban wrote the pall mall gazette articles in short began a new chapter in international relations powerful men using media manipulation of public opinion to trigger war it is often suggested that that campaign by william randolph hearst s paper that led to the us invasion of cuba in 1898 was the world s first episode of this kind but the british press deserves these dubious laurels for its actions a full fourteen years earlier 141 the man behind the campaign was the adjutant general sir garnet wolseley a skilled media manipulator who often leaked information to the press to effect changes in policy and who was strongly opposed to gladstone s policy of pulling out of the sudan 142 in 1880 the liberals had won the general election on a platform of overseas retrenchment and gladstone had put his principles into practice by withdrawing from the transvaal and afghanistan in 1881 there was a secret ultra faction in the war office led by wolseley that felt that the liberal government was too inclined to withdraw from various places all over the globe at the first sign of trouble and who were determined to sabotage the withdrawal from the sudan 143 gordon and wolseley were good friends wolseley being one of the people gordon prayed for every night and after a meeting with wolseley at the war office to discuss the crisis in the sudan gordon left convinced that he had to go to the sudan to carry out the work of god 134 with public opinion demanding that gordon be sent to the sudan on 16 january 1884 the gladstone government decided to send him there albeit with the very limited mandate to report on the situation and advise on the best means of carrying out the evacuation 144 gladstone had gone to his estate at hawarden to recover from illness and thus was not present at the meeting on 18 january where gordon was given the sudan command but he was under the impression that gordon s mission was advisory whereas the four ministers present at the meeting had given gordon the impression that his mission was executive in nature 145 gladstone felt that this was a deft political move public opinion would be satisfied with chinese gordon going to the sudan but at the same time gordon was given such a limited mandate that the evacuation would proceed as planned the cabinet felt highly uncomfortable with the appointment as they had been pressured by the press to send a man who was opposed to their sudan policy to take command there the foreign secretary lord granville wondered if they had just committed a gigantic folly 146 gordon made a short trip to brussels to tell king leopold that he would not be going to the congo after all news that enraged the king 11 general gordon in khartoum the british government asked gordon to go to khartoum to report on the best method of carrying out the evacuation gordon started for cairo in january 1884 accompanied by lt col j d h stewart at cairo he received further instructions from sir evelyn baring and was appointed governor general with executive powers by the khedive tewfik pasha who also gave gordon an edict ordering him to establish a government in the sudan this gordon would later use as a reason for staying in khartoum 147 baring disapproved of sending gordon to the sudan writing in a report to london that a man who habitually consults the prophet isaiah when he is in a difficulty is not apt to obey the orders of anyone 148 gordon immediately confirmed baring s fears as he started to issue press statements attacking the rebels as a feeble lot of stinking dervishes and demanded he be allowed to smash up the mahdi 149 gordon sent a telegram to khartoum reading don t be panic stricken ye are men not women i am coming gordon 147 urban wrote that gordon s most stupid mistake occurred when he revealed his secret orders at a meeting of tribal leaders on 12 february at berber explaining that the egyptians were pulling out leading to almost all of the arab tribes of northern sudan declaring their loyalty to the mahdi ...