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nformation to rival patent applicants 63 however the well paid public post of patent examiner put the occupants continually under scrutiny by politicians scientists and aspiring inventors both congress and the executive branch exerted control and influence over policy and practices in the patent office 64 in the early years of the united states patent and trademark office a patent examiner was expected to be highly trained knowledgeable in all the sciences informed on current and past technology page was an exemplar of this ideal as page continued in the job the number of patents submitted to the agency increased sharply while the number of patents granted was the same or less and the number of patent examiners was unchanged 65 66 inventors seeking patents becoming incensed about decisions made against them coalesced into a lobby with a voice projected through the journal scientific american this lobby advocated liberalization more leniency in the granting of patents giving the inventor the benefit of the doubt and argued against the scientific research being sponsored by the smithsonian institution under joseph henry 67 henry took a hard line decrying inventors futile attempts to innovate and improve 68 the elite professionalized science that henry was building up through the smithsonian and other organizations treated as low status the having or seeking of a patent patents were not considered a contribution to science while page set out to show that gaining patents was genuine scientific work he fell out of favor with the scientific establishment his friendship with henry petered out and page was no longer held in high regard as part of elite science 69 page shifted in his position on the granting of patents as an examiner of patents he was scrupulous and fair through his own experience as an inventor and association with other inventors he allied with their concerns on his resignation from the patent agency page used the journal he founded and edited as a forum to critique and even lambast the agency and policies which he had upheld for 10 years prior having had much to do with shaping policy from inside the patent office he also played a crucial role in reshaping it from the outside post 1976a p 151 following the example of samuel morse who developed the telegraph to commercial viability through assistance from federal government funds page sought a similar level of support for his electromagnetically powered locomotive he found a political ally in thomas hart benton senator from missouri benton s passionate rhetoric on behalf of page s vision was instrumental in securing unanimous support for a senate allocation of 20 000 to fund page s project through the department of navy 70 by the end of that year 1849 page reported to the navy that he was collaborating on the project with a mechanic ari davis the brother of daniel davis jr but had nothing yet to show in print inventor thomas davenport inventor challenged the expenditure of public funds on page s project claiming that motors he had already invented and built were equal to the task page defused that objection by publishing a statement about his unique device 71 72 more troubles ensued for the project running low on cash page asked for more speaking in the senate in the summer of 1850 benton presented page s attainment of a force an order of magnitude greater than what the same battery had output under his initial trials benton upped the stakes by requesting funds for page to develop an electromagnetically powered ship of war this second petition met with serious opposition in the senate senator henry stuart foote countered that page had not proved substantial progress or benefits from his work senator jefferson finis davis objected to the appropriation of government funds to one inventor while other inventors such as thomas davenport went unsupported both the us senate and house nixed any further funds for page s project in order to prepare the locomotive for its 1851 trial run page went over 6000 into debt 73 72 50 in the wake of the failed public test of this locomotive page faced a critical press gaining no assistance from the world of finance he emerged from the debacle in desperate straights financially and emotionally 74 the american civil war wreaked a further devastating impact on page s scientific work and legacy in 1863 union soldiers stationed in the area of page s home broke into his laboratory as a random unprovoked act of violence his equipment inventions and laboratory notebooks were destroyed 75 some other inventions by page which he had donated to the smithsonian institution were destroyed by a fire there in 1865 76 as a result of these destructive events very few of page s handmade devices exist today 37 77 with little remaining of his experimental work and notes page s many contributions have slipped from the view of most historians suffering debt terminal illness and isolation from the mainstream scientific community by his last years page contrived one final effort to secure credit and status for his achievements in 1867 he petitioned the united states congress for a retrospective patent on his inventions of the late 1830s the spiral conductor the circuit breakers the double helical coil 78 the granting of such a patent transgressed such policies as that an invention in widespread public use for decades can not be patented and that an employee of the patent office can not hold a patent page circumvented these policies by appealing to nationalism to support his argument he published anonymously a lengthy closely researched yet self promoting book titled the american claim to the induction coil and its electrostatic developments 79 80 by the 1860s the induction coil was becoming a prominent instrument of physics research instrument makers in america great britain and the european continent contributed in developing the construction and operation of induction coils 37 81 premiere among these instrument makers was heinrich daniel ruhmkorff who in 1864 received from emperor napoleon iii the prestigious volta prize along with a 50 000 franc award for his invention of the induction coil page maintained that the devices he developed in the 1830s were not markedly different from the induction coil and that other american inventors had filled in with improvements that were better than anything made by ruhmkorff and alleging that ruhmkorff had plagiarized the coil of another american instrument maker edward samuel ritchie 82 80 a special act passed by the u s house and senate and signed by president andrew johnson authorized what was later dubbed the page patent page died a few weeks later in may 1868 instead of dying with him the page patent went on to play a major role in the politics and economics of the telegraph industry page s lawyer and heirs successfully argued that the patent covered the mechanisms involved in all known forms of telegraphy 83 an interest in the patent was sold to the western union co together western union and the page heirs reaped lucrative benefits page s patent secured a life in style for his widow and heirs although he was no longer living it figured as yet another violation on his part of the behavior code under the emerging professionalization of science of the day under which science was to be conducted for its own sake without accruing apparent political or financial gain 84 selected publications edit books edit psychomancy spirit rppings and table tippings exposed new york d appleton and company 1853 a memorial to the congress of the united states washington dc polkinhorn son 1867 the american claim to the induction coil and its electrostatic developments washington dc intelligencer printing house 1867 articles edit notice of new electrical instruments american journal of science 26 1834 p 110 112 medical application of galvanism boston medical and surgical journal june 22 1836 p 333 insect dissections boston medical and surgical journal july 13 1836 pp 364 365 method of increasing shocks and experiments with prof henry s apparatus for obtaining sparks and shocks from the calorimotor american journal of science vol 31 pp 137 141 reprinted in annals of electricity vol 1 1837 pp 290 294 on the use of the dynamic multiplier with a new accompanying apparatus american journal of science 32 1837 pp 354 360 the production of galvanic music american journal of science 32 1837 pp 396 397 experiments in electromagnetism american journal of science 33 1838 pp 118 120 new magnetic electrical machine of great power american journal of science 34 b 1838 pp 163 9 researches in magnetic electricity and new magnetic electrical instruments american journal of science 34 1838 pp 364 373 magneto electric and electro magnetic apparatus and experiments american journal of science 35 1839 pp 252 268 patents edit head rest u s patent 20 507 induction coil apparatus and circuit breaker u s patent 76 654 references edit notes edit smithsonian negative 73 5100 post 1976a p 139 post 1976a quote p 8 lane j h 1869 charles grafton page american journal of science vol 48 pp 1 17 post 1976a p 144 145 1 2 cavicchi e 2008 charles grafton page s experiment with a spiral conductor technology and culture 49 p 893 lane j h 1869 charles grafton page american journal of science vol 48 pp 3 post 1976a p 7 post 1976a p 137 160 lane j h 1869 charles grafton page american journal of science vol 48 p 17 post 1976a p 63 5 177 association texas state historical page harvey lindsley texas state historical association retrieved 2023 11 24 1 2 lane j h 1869 charles grafton page american journal of science vol 48 pp 2 3 post 1976a p 44 post 1976a p 46 142 145 lane j h 1869 charles grafton page american journal of science vol 48 pp 1 2 post 1976a p 159 post 1976a p 163 163 post 1976a p 71 72 post 1976a p 164 170 lane j h 1869 charles grafton page american journal of science vol 48 p 1 post 1976a p 12 henry j 1835 appendix to the above 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coil narratives of teaching and learnin...