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a rice producers association in office 1952 1953 personal details born cheddi berret jagan 1918 03 22 22 march 1918 ankerville port mourant berbice british guiana present day east berbice corentyne guyana died 6 march 1997 1997 03 06 aged 78 washington d c u s party people s progressive party from 1950 other political affiliations manpower citizens association 1945 1946 political affairs committee 1946 1950 spouse janet rosenberg m 1943 children cheddi joey jagan jr nadira jagan brancier relatives derek chunilall jagan brother edith jagan sister education queen s college georgetown howard university alma mater central ymca college bs northwestern university dds occupation dentist politician awards order of friendship of peoples 1978 order of solidarity 1988 order of the liberator 1993 grand commander of the order of the star and key of the indian ocean 1994 order of the companions of o r tambo 2005 order of liberation 2007 signature cheddi berret jagan a 22 march 1918 6 march 1997 was a guyanese politician and dentist who was first elected chief minister in 1953 and later premier of british guiana from 1961 to 1964 he later served as president of guyana from 1992 to his death in 1997 2 in 1953 he became the first hindu and person of indian descent to be a head of government outside of the indian subcontinent jagan founded the people s progressive party along with his wife janet and forbes burnham and served as the first leader of the party jagan was a leading figure in the campaign for the independence of guyana from the united kingdom and advocated for increased powers for trade unions at a time when british guiana s economy was dominated by powerful foreign enterprises jagan lost his position as prime minister to forbes burnham following the 1964 british guiana general election and burnham would become guyana s first head of government following independence 28 years later jagan was elected president in the 1992 guyanese general election which was regarded as the first free and fair election since 1964 3 early life edit cheddi berret anglicized corruption of bharat jagan was born on 22 march 1918 in ankerville port mourant a rural village in the county of berbice present day east berbice corentyne he was the eldest of 11 children his parents were indian hindus who were kurmi caste 4 5 they emigrated from british india to british guiana as indentured labourers they were both from the basti district in the then north western provinces in the awadh and bhojpuri regions of the hindi belt in north india in present day uttar pradesh india his mother bachaoni came to british guiana as a child with her mother while his father jagan also came as a child with his mother and brother both his mother s and father s family immigrated to british guiana aboard the elbe in 1901 his father being two years old and his mother 18 months when they arrived his father s family were indentured to albion estate and his mother s family was indentured to port mourant estate under the management of j c gibson his parents were married in 1909 and lived with their respective families till they were of age at sixteen years and his mother moved in with his father and grandmother in a joint family situation 6 7 the jagan family lived in rural poverty working in the cane fields to support themselves his mother had worked on the estate till jagan was nine years old his father had worked his way up to become head driver on the estate but it did not amount to much change in pay and he had to retire at 50 due to bad health 6 jagan received his primary education at port mourant primary and the rose hall scots school he went on to pursue secondary education at r n persaud s private secondary school 8 when jagan was 15 years old his father sent him to queen s college in the capital city of georgetown about 160 kilometres 100 mi away for the next three years upon graduation jagan found his employment options in guyana limited to agricultural work or converting to christianity and becoming a teacher so his father sent him to the united states to study dentistry 6 with 500 the family s life savings so that he would not end up in the cane fields and he would not have to compromise his hindu faith 2 education and early career 1935 1946 edit jagan left for the united states in september 1935 6 or 1936 8 with two friends and did not return to british guiana until october 1943 he lived in washington d c for two years enrolled in a pre dental course at howard university to cover his expenses jagan took a job as an elevator operator during the summers he worked in new york city as a door to door salesman 2 jagan s performance helped him to win a scholarship for his second year at howard in 1938 he was admitted to the four year dental program at the dental school at northwestern university in chicago he graduated in 1942 with a doctor of dental surgery degree from 1938 to 1942 jagan was also enrolled at the central ymca college in chicago and graduated with a bachelor of science degree 6 after returning to british guiana jagan established a practice in georgetown on 68 main street 8 during this time he began to become politically engaged and became involved with trade unions in the sugar industry in 1945 he was made the treasurer of the manpower citizens association though he was removed after a year after objecting to union policy 6 political career edit early political career 1946 1953 edit jagan co founded the political affairs committee pac in 1946 along with his wife janet as well as h j m hubbard and ashton chase 6 he was subsequently elected to the legislative council in november 1947 as an independent candidate from central demerara constituency in 1949 jagan became the president of the sawmill workers union 8 on 1 january 1950 the people s progressive party ppp was founded by a merger of the pac and the british guiana labour party bglp with jagan as its leader former bglp leader forbes burnham as its chairman and jagan s wife janet as secretary 9 the ppp quickly gained a mass following when they organised protests against the colonial administration following an incident where colonial police shot dead five workers at enmore sugar plantation in 1948 when they were participating in strike action 10 6 chief minister of british guiana 1953 edit on 27 april 1953 jagan won the 1953 british guiana general election with his ppp party winning 18 of 24 seats 11 jagan s government immediately dissented against british rule jagan encouraged strike action against important sugar company booker refused to send a delegation to the coronation of queen elizabeth ii repealed a law on undesirable publications passed by the colonial government and repealed another law banning immigration of politically left leaning individuals from the west indies 10 taking place in the middle of second red scare and mccarthyism jagan s actions and policies led to british worries about a possible communist revolution in guyana winston churchill expressed fears that jagan was a marxist leninist and claimed jagan could allow the soviet union a foothold in south america saying w e ought surely to get american support in doing all we can to break the communist teeth in british guiana p erhaps they would even send senator mccarthy down there 10 declassified documents from mi5 show that the intelligence service concluded that the party were not receiving any financial support from any communist organisation outside the country 12 13 however jagan s wife janet may have been a member of the young communist league usa before she moved to guyana 14 15 on 8 october 1953 the ppp government passed the labour relations act modelled on the wagner act 10 the next day on 9 october the british administration suspended the constitution of british guiana and troops were deployed 16 the queen had signed the order to dispatch troops on 4 october on 9 october a contingent of royal welsh fusiliers arrived in georgetown on hms superb and jagan was dismissed from his position 10 and arrested 13 according to mi5 jagan was unaware of the possibility of british intervention or of his arrest jagan appealed to former british prime minister and sitting opposition leader clement attlee who responded regret impossible to intervene 13 jagan was forced to resign as chief minister after 133 days britain installed an interim government 17 interim government 1953 1957 edit after the suspension of the constitution jagan departed for london with forbes burnham on 19 october 1953 to protest the suspension 18 and attended the debate in the house of commons 6 on 21 october 19 during his time in the united kingdom both jagan and burnham were subject to covert surveillance by american 20 and british intelligence services 21 he would subsequently arrive in india with burnham on 20 november 1953 and meet jawaharlal nehru in an attempt to garner support 18 jagan s movements were restricted to georgetown from 1954 to 1957 and both he and his wife were closely monitored and kept under house arrest 13 during this period of time colonial police would routinely raid the residences of senior members of the party to seize subversive literature in 1954 jagan was sentenced to 6 months in prison with hard labour for violating a restriction on his movement travelling to the countryside and as a result leaving georgetown in court jagan likened british guiana to a vast prison 10 senior member of the party forbes burnham split with jagan politically in 1955 dividing the ppp into two separate factions named burnhamite and jaganite 3 these two factions in the ppp would both go on to contest the 1957 guyanese election as ppp candidates burnham as a candidate was generally further to the right of the political spectrum support for the two factions followed mostly racial lines as burnham was the leading afro guyanese figure in the ppp however the split was not entirely racial prominent afro guyanese politician sydney king remained in the jaganite faction and indo guyanese j b lachmansingh supported burnham 22 however sydney king and afro guyanese martin carter and rory westmaas would both leave the party one year later due to being ultra leftist 23 clem seecharan made the claim that they left because they believed that jagan was compromising marxist ideals for racial pragmatism i e supporting indo guyanese policies to appeal to his support base this further reduced the number of active afro guyanese politicians within the ppp 23 minister of trade and industry 1957 1961 edit cheddi jagan meeting with levi eshkol during a visit to israel in 1961 jaganites won a majority of seats in the 1957 british guiana general election winning 9 seats to the burnhamite 3 and 2 seats for other parties following this outcome the burnhamite faction split entirely from the ppp and burnham founded the people s national congress pnc jagan became minister of trade and industry 6 24 remained as ppp leader and was a member of the cabinet 6 he did not become prime minister during this time there was no such position 24 the ppp government did not have possession of the ministries of finance foreign affairs or administration and power resided mostly with the governor ralph grey 6 during the lead up and aftermath of the 1957 elections guyanese politics began to strongly follow racial lines jagan s faction was majority indo guayanese and advocated for policies that would benefit mainly indo guyanese such as an increase in land for rice production and sugar industry reform through increased union powers jagan s veto of west indies federation membership further alienated afro guyanese voters the federation was majority afro caribbean similarly burnham merged the pnc with the united democratic party to consolidate his grip on middle class afro guyanese support this style of politics along racial lines in guyana became known as apan jhaat which is guyanese hindustani for vote for your own kind 25 premier of british guiana 1961 1964 edit jagan with john f kennedy in washington dc 25 october 1961 after a ppp victory in the august 1961 elections jagan became premier serving for three years the elections were held as first past the post with 35 members of the legislative assembly 26 the ppp won 20 seats almost twice the number won by burnham s pnc and 10 seats in the 13 seat senate which led to mass demonstrations led by the pnc a general strike and racially motivated violence 3 this violence would peak in early 1962 after jagan s government proposed what became known as the kaldor budget advised by economist nicholas kaldor on 31 january 1962 the ppp government proposed an increase in tax and import duty which was opposed by opposition parties 27 the budget imposed austerity the tax increases would have significantly impacted the afro guyanese community and the opposition was not consulted however arthur m schlesinger jr expressed the opinion that the tax scheme was entirely orthodox and suitable for britain 20 and the budget was praised by both the new york times and the london times 27 following the budget action was taken against the government which culminated on 16 february 1962 in the destruction of 56 businesses 87 businesses damaged by fire and 66 looted one police superintendent was killed and 39 injured four looters shot and 41 injured the rioters also attacked the electricity plant the water works parliament and jagan s residence the british response was to send two warships hms troubridge and hms wizard to stop the violence 27 jagan s official residence suffered fire damage during the riots 20 following the 1961 elections jagan met john f kennedy in person in washington d c on 25 october and on 18 december he addressed the united nations calling for a date for independence from the united kingdom 6 the lead up to the 1964 elections included a concerted effort by officials from the united states to ensure that jagan did not win the election due to fears about jagan supposed communist views a march 1961 cia estimate opined that jagan s wife janet was a communist and that jagan was under communist influence 20 jagan had also expressed support and encouragement for the cuban revolution 28 23 the united kingdom and united states differed on their opinions of how to solve the situation with the british suggestion being that jagan should be educated rather than removed from power jagan s meeting with kennedy in 1961 did not significantly change the american opinion of his political leanings the americans decided that burnham s policies were preferable to those of jagan and began to take actions against jagan including delaying independence from britain advocating a proportional representation electoral system which would be to the detriment of jagan s electoral chances and providing support for strike action these actions continued despite jagan contacting kennedy to protest his case 20 the cia helped fund and organise the protests that led to the february 1962 demonstrations and in ap...