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d the democratic party under johnson s administration he assumed the position of director of denver s war on poverty office after only a couple years he was disillusioned with the political process and denounced his role in order to found the crusade for justice in 1966 he made the primary goals of the crusade self determination and community control of chicano life the crusade created a number of establishments and organizations like schools and newspapers they also were involved in denver politics and lobbied for improved housing and educational opportunities for chicanos in denver although gonzales had been in the spotlight before due to his boxing career in 1967 he once again garnered national attention for his landmark poem i am joaquín this poem revolutionized the idea of the chicano and served as a precedent for chicano cultural affirmation the poem questioned the role chicanos played in the american system and called for them derive strength through denouncing economic assimilation and now i must choose between the paradox of victory of the spirit despite physical hunger or to exist in the grasp of american social neurosis sterilization of the soul and a full stomach 6 this portion of the poem represents chicanos eagerness to sacrifice their physical bodies for the regeneration of the soul and provided chicanismo with a sense of necessity and vigor in the next section of the poem he refers to joaquín as part of the many indigenous groups such as the maya and the aztecs but he also refers to him as cortés and the spaniards how can this contradiction exist it is an allusion to josé vasconcelos idea of a cosmic race he creates a unifying agent among chicanos and then calls for them to rise up against anglo oppression the last identifying term gonzales uses in the poem is the word chicano in order to enlist all those who identified with the poem under one banner his influence did not end with his poetry in 1968 he was a part of a protest at west high school in denver over inferior education that eventually broke out into a riot in 1969 corky convened the first national chicano youth liberation conference it was here that the famed plan de aztlán was created this document would become the design for the chicano movement and was based on nationalism and self determination corky placed a heavy importance on familial ties and with his family devoted his entire life to servicing the needs of chicanos in the denver community césar chávez edit main article césar chávez césar chávez visits colegio cesar chavez in mt angel oregon 1974 césar chávez march 31 1927 april 23 1993 was a hugely influential labor rights activist he along with dolores huerta created the united farm workers which would become one of the most important organizations in the fight for labour rights of farmworkers chávez sometimes struggled with his connection to both the chicano movement and the labor movement he believed the labor movement should transcend racial boundaries but his fight revolved around agricultural workers and mexican americans made up a huge amount of that particular group this made it impossible for him to forgo ties to the movement and the public viewed him as a chicano hero he constantly gained national attention through protests boycotts marches and many hunger strikes even more notable than these acts however was the large organized boycott that the chávez led ufw imposed on california grape growers the result was the 1975 agricultural labor relations act which greatly improved the conditions and protections of agricultural labourers whether he was comfortable with the dynamic or not chávez had a direct tie to the chicano movement solely off the sheer number of workers that identified as such he came to understand this and would employ symbolic imagery in order to garner support for his movements he would champion ancestral ties and religious icons as well as plan protests and boycotts on specific days that were symbolic in the minds of mexican americans and their fight for justice he was known for his use of non violent tactics and is still viewed today as one of the most important human rights activists of the 20th century in the u s josé ángel gutiérrez edit main article josé ángel gutiérrez josé ángel gutiérrez 1940 is an attorney and professor at the university of texas at arlington he was the son of a mexican american doctor and grew up living a relatively privileged life after his father died when he was 12 everything changed for him he now was just another mexican and both the other mexicans and the white community started to treat him differently he became very aware of the oppression of mexican americans at a young age and this would inevitably lead to his lifelong involvement in their betterment he was extremely prominent during the chicano movement and was a founding member of the mexican american youth organization mayo gutiérrez also helped found and was a past president of the partido nacional de la raza unida or raza unida party the raza unida party was a mexican american political group that organized in order to support certain candidates up for election in texas california and other southwestern states corky gonzales later helped create a denver faction of the raza unida party behind gutiérrez the raza unida party had many protest marches and boycotts they were also quite successful in practicing participatory democracy the raza unida party successfully pooled votes and were able to fill a number of local positions in order to advance the position of chicanos he distributed a number of popular publications one of which being a small shoddily printed paperback titled a gringo manual on how to handle mexicans he distributed his work any way he could and would even sell copies out of his trunk at times he greatly aided the position of chicanos in the educational community and in the political sphere as well reies lopez tijerina edit main article reies lopez tijerina reies lopez tijerina 1926 2015 was easily the most controversial leader in the chicano movement in the 1960s and 1970s he was also the most symbolic leader for the movement josé ángel gutiérrez said that tijerina captured the imagination of all those involved in the chicano movement and convinced them of their ties to u s land he called to attention the complete disregard on the part of the u s government towards the supposedly protected mexican land grants when the judicial process was unsuccessful in returning the lands of the mexican american people tijerina turned to more drastic measures he went on to create the alianza federal de mercedes the group sought to idealize mexican heritage and also celebrated ancestral ties to meso america two major events that followed made him a permanent fixture in the memory of the chicano movement the first was the march he led on santa fe where he occupied part of the carson national forest because he believed the land belonged to the recipients of mexican land grants the state mobilized and tijerina was forced to give up after 5 days the next major event he was a part of was a courthouse raid in 1967 these two events may not have had profound immediate effects but both were extremely symbolic in nature and helped invigorate the chicano movement tijerina s actions allowed chicanos to become true believers in what the movement was fighting for especially after his incarceration made him into a type of martyr his legacy was important for the image of the chicano movement dolores huerta edit main article dolores huerta dolores huerta 1930 is a chicana feminist that worked directly with césar chávez and was a prominent leader of the united farm workers in 1955 she began her calling as an activist by helping frank ross to start the stockton chapter of the community service organization which fought for economic improvements for hispanics the cso battled segregation and police brutality led voter registration drives pushed for improved public services and fought to enact new legislation 7 huerta started on a small local level with her activist efforts but by the 1960s she had created the agriculture worker association it was through her work at these organizations that dolores met fellow activist and labor leader cesar chavez 7 after this she and chávez co founded the ufw and soon garnered national attention to their fight for labor rights huerta was instrumental in the execution of the united farm workers plans and often acted as the organizations head negotiator she traveled the country giving speeches at colleges and in chicano communities and served as a major role model for chicanas all over the country her prominence in the movement helped inspire a new generation of women that were suffocating from oppression and had not realized their problems were wide spread huerta was one of the first notable chicana activists and she became a symbol to mexican american women across the u s mirta vidal edit mirta vidal was a born in argentina and migrated to the u s in her youth she resided in new york city where she was a member of the socialist workers party she was in solidarity with the chicano movement and wrote different critiques she was an intersectionalist and is best remembered for her critiques of the chicano movement and of the anglo feminist movement the position needs and goals of chicanas were relatively ignored even though the roots of the chicano and chicana movements were identical in her article women new voice of la raza she chastises the use of machismo at home and in the chicano monavement likening machismo to the english term male chauvinism she argues the efforts of chicana women are undermined and diluted she draws attention to the fact that chicanas experience oppression on multiple levels as women as chicanas and as lower class workers vidal speaks to the exclusion of chicanas from mainstream feminism and the chicano movement feeling left out of the mainstream feminist movement because of their ties to the chicano movement and discouraged by chicanos from participating in women s liberation because it was an anglo thing 8 chicanas came together to confront their individual struggle vidal says that for chicana women it is necessary to be active within the women s liberation movement and within the chicano movement in order to achieve full liberation 9 vidal s new voice of la raza chicanas speak out provides an example of what is known today as intersectionality an important concept within feminism in 1971 elma barrera organized the first national chicana conference in the statement she made she antagonizes the men of the church and the men at home and then goes on to call for free and legal abortions and birth control for the chicano community controlled by chicanas at the conference they drafted two manifestos that were called sex and the chicana and marriage chicana style these documents called for community organization and the right for women to control their own bodies they also advocated the idea that mothers needed to change their role in the home and educate their children in a way that would re shape traditional gender roles and behavior chicanas continued to meet and would gain some inclusion in both the chicano and the feminist movements 10 the chicano movement edit main article chicano movement the chicano movement of the 1960s also known as el movimiento was a movement based on mexican american empowerment 11 it was based in ideas of community organization nationalism in the form of cultural affirmation and it also placed symbolic importance on ancestral ties to meso america reforms the movement called for included restoration of land grants farm workers rights and access to better educational opportunities the movement revolved around the unity of the vast mexican population in the us there were a number of major events and organizations that spawned from the chicano movement the group participated in a number of student walkouts two occurred in denver and east l a in 1968 these walkouts were hugely influential in the fight for equality in schools and better conditions for chicanos in 1970 they held the chicano moratorium this was centered on opposing the vietnam war and the complex intersectional discrimination the war supported the chicano movement was vehemently against the war and fought against it for a number of years they even used the image of the vietnamese as their comrade against the imperialist white american forces another extremely important event for the movement was the national chicano youth liberation conference first organized by rodolfo corky gonzales this conference met for a number of consecutive years and its role as a unifying agent for chicanos across the us cannot be understated in its first meeting the conference would draft the plan espiritual de aztlán which would become a sort of blueprint for the chicano movement it starts by addressing the idea that chicanos must utilize their nationalism as a common denominator for mass mobilization and organization the document names their seven organizational goals as unity in the minds of the people in the liberation of la raza economic control of their own lives and communities without exploitation education that was relative to the chicano institutions that serve the people on a basis of restitution for past actions self defense that relies on the combined strength of the community use of cultural values to strengthen the moral backbone of the movement and political liberation through independent action the document also entails actions to be made that included informing the public performing large demonstrations and walkouts and creating political parties and using participatory democracy the chicano movement is believed by some to have ended in the 1970s but others have a view that the shift in intensity was caused by a cultural renaissance within the movement chicano art during and after the movement edit chicano art became an integral part of the chicano movement during the 1960s this new artistic expression was energized through increased political activism and cultural pride many intellectuals view this internal artistic movement as a chicano cultural renaissance chicano art was rooted in a number of strong ideologies including community activism and ancestral ties the murals novels newspapers sculpture paintings and other forms of expression created by chicanos helped shaped chicanismo and presented this newly formed group with hundreds of years of history the artistic movement s role in the shaping of chicano ideology cannot be understated it was a movement based in cultural affirmation and artistic expression was the premium method for chicanos to go about this celebration of heritage and liberty as time passed chicano art continued to transform and take the shape of the community it revolved around many chicano artists focused on representations of el barrio and they sought to connect to their au...