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ajor archbishop with his blessing cross the vatican obelisk in rome cross on each side of the monumento al divino salvador del mundo pedestal a crucifix on the wall of a church a man holding several eastern orthodox pectoral crosses rejection among various religious groups edit the chancel of this lutheran church features a very large altar cross although christians accepted that the cross was the gallows on which jesus died note 5 they had already begun in the 2nd century to use it as a christian symbol note 6 during the first three centuries of the christian era the cross was a symbol of minor importance when compared to the prominence given to it later 30 but by the second century it was closely associated with christians to the point where christians were mocked as adorers of the gibbet crucis religiosi an accusation countered by tertullian note 3 and it was already a tradition for christians to trace repeatedly on their foreheads the sign of the cross note 4 martin luther at the time of the reformation retained the cross and crucifix in the lutheran church note 7 which remains an important feature of lutheran devotion and worship today 32 33 luther wrote crux sola est nostra theologia the cross alone is our theology 34 on the other hand the great iconoclasm was a wave of rejecting sacred images among calvinists of the 16th century note 8 some localities such as england included polemics against using the cross in worship for example during the 16th century theologians in the anglican and reformed traditions nicholas ridley 36 james calfhill 37 and theodore beza 38 rejected practices that they described as cross worship considering it a form of idolatry there was a dispute in 16th century england over the baptismal use of the sign of the cross and even the public use of crosses 39 there were more active reactions to religious items that were thought as relics of papacy as happened for example in september 1641 when sir robert harley pulled down and destroyed the cross at wigmore 40 writers during the 19th century indicating a pagan origin of the cross included henry dana ward 41 mourant brock 42 and john denham parsons 43 david williams writing of medieval images of monsters says the disembodied phallus is also formed into a cross which before it became for christianity the symbol of salvation was a pagan symbol of fertility 44 the study gods heroes kings the battle for mythic britain states before the fourth century ce the cross was not widely embraced as a sign of christianity symbolizing as it did the gallows of a criminal 45 this reaction in the anglican and other reformed churches was short lived and the cross became ubiquitous in these christian traditions 46 jehovah s witnesses do not use the symbol of the cross in their worship which they believe constitutes idolatry 47 they believe that jesus died on a single upright torture stake rather than a two beam cross arguing that the greek term stauros indicated a single upright pole 48 although early watch tower society publications associated with the bible student movement taught that christ was executed on a cross it no longer appeared on watch tower society publications after the name jehovah s witnesses note 9 was adopted in 1931 49 and use of the cross was officially abandoned in 1936 50 the church of jesus christ of latter day saints teaches that jesus died on a cross however their prophet gordon b hinckley stated that for us the cross is the symbol of the dying christ while our message is a declaration of the living christ when asked what was the symbol of his religion hinckley replied the lives of our people must become the only meaningful expression of our faith and in fact therefore the symbol of our worship 51 52 prophet howard w hunter encouraged latter day saints to look to the temple of the lord as the great symbol of your membership 53 images of lds temples and the angel moroni who is found in statue on most temples are commonly used to symbolize the faith of members of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints 54 in april 2020 under president russell m nelson the church formally adopted an image inspired by thorvaldsen s christus statue underlain with the church s name as an official symbol of the faith 55 notable individual crosses edit further information high cross monumental crosses memorial cross and market cross the ruthwell cross a stone anglo saxon cross located in ruthwell dumfriesshire 8th century easby cross 9th century muiredach s high cross 10th century victory cross cathedral of san salvador of oviedo 10th century holly cross with which the city of santa cruz de tenerife was founded in spain 1496 cross of sacrifice or war cross from a commonwealth war graves commission cemetery 1920 a wooden cross at coventry cathedral constructed of the remnants of beams found after the coventry blitz cross in valle de los caídos near madrid the highest cross in the world juan de ávalos 1959 the millennium cross in skopje north macedonia one of the biggest crosses in the world 2000 the world trade center cross rises from the world trade center wreckage grave cross with nails evros greece the reliquary cross of the holy cross hand holding christian cross in the coat of arms of pärnu ecclesiastical flag tip made of brass germany iii reich controversies edit in 2014 the chinese communist party which espouses a doctrine of state atheism began a program of removing exterior crosses from church buildings for reasons of safety and beauty 56 57 in 2016 1 500 crosses were removed 58 in 2020 this campaign resumed justified by the fact that some crosses were higher than the chinese national flag 59 see also edit christianity portal atrial cross chi rho christian cross variants cross burning cross necklace cross of all nations crosses in heraldry crucifixion in the arts mandaean cross ichthys ih monogram ix monogram khachkar martyr s cross nordic cross flag rood screen roodmas rose cross russian orthodox cross scientology cross true cross notes edit the old english 10th century cros refers to the instrument of christ s crucifixion specifically replacing the native old english word rood ultimately from the latin crux or its accusative crucem and its genitive crucis stake gibbet cross the english verb to cross arises from the noun c 1200 first in the sense to make the sign of the cross the generic meaning to intersect develops in the 15th century minucius felix speaks of the cross of jesus in its familiar form likening it to objects with a crossbeam or to a man with arms outstretched in prayer 8 1 2 tertullian rejects the accusation that christians are crucis religiosi i e adorers of the gibbet and returns the accusation by likening the worship of pagan idols to the worship of poles or stakes 11 then if any of you think we render superstitious adoration to the cross in that adoration he is sharer with us if you offer homage to a piece of wood at all it matters little what it is like when the substance is the same it is of no consequence the form if you have the very body of the god and yet how far does the athenian pallas differ from the stock of the cross or the pharian ceres as she is put up uncarved to sale a mere rough stake and piece of shapeless wood every stake fixed in an upright position is a portion of the cross we render our adoration if you will have it so to a god entire and complete we have shown before that your deities are derived from shapes modelled from the cross original latin sed et qui crucis nos religiosos putat consecraneus noster erit cum lignum aliquod propitiatur viderit habitus dum materiae qualitas eadem sit viderit forma dum id ipsum dei corpus sit et tamen quanto distinguitur a crucis stipite pallas attica et ceres pharia quae sine effigie rudi palo et informi ligno prostat pars crucis est omne robur quod erecta statione defigitur nos si forte integrum et totum deum colimus diximus originem deorum vestrorum a plastis de cruce induci 1 2 3 at every forward step and movement at every going in and out when we put on our clothes and shoes when we bathe when we sit at table when we light the lamps on couch on seat in all the ordinary actions of daily life we trace upon the forehead the sign 12 the perhaps 1st century epistle of barnabas sees the letter t as indicating the cross of christ 28 the jewish encyclopedia states the cross as a christian symbol or seal came into use at least as early as the 2nd century see apost const iii 17 epistle of barnabas xi xii justin apologia i 55 60 dial cum tryph 85 97 and the marking of a cross upon the forehead and the chest was regarded as a talisman against the powers of demons tertullian de corona iii cyprian testimonies xi 21 22 lactantius divinæ institutiones iv 27 and elsewhere accordingly the christian fathers had to defend themselves as early as the 2nd century against the charge of being worshipers of the cross as may be learned from tertullian apologia xii xvii and minucius felix octavius xxix 9 29 the calvinizers sought to remove the crucifix as idolatrous there was considerable continuity certainly between the lutheran use of the crucifix and the catholic 31 iconoclastic incidents during the calvinist second reformation in germany provoked reactive riots by lutheran mobs while protestant image breaking in the baltic region deeply antagonized the neighbouring eastern orthodox a group with whom reformers might have hoped to make common cause 35 the word witnesses was not capitalised until the 1970s references edit 1 2 christianity an introduction by alister e mcgrath 2006 isbn 1 4051 0901 7 pages 321 323 cross definition symbolism types history britannica 20 june 2023 chester john pearson bp of january 5 1715 an exposition of the apostles creed via google books elworthy frederick 1958 the evil eye new york julian press inc pp 103 4 hutado larry 2006 the staurogram in early christian manuscripts the earliest visual reference to the crucified jesus in kraus thomas ed new testament manuscripts leiden brill pp 207 26 hdl 1842 1204 isbn 978 90 04 14945 8 stranger james 2007 archeological evidence of jewish believers in skarsaune oskar ed jewish believers in jesus the early centuries city baker academic p 715 isbn 9780801047688 octavius ccel org 2005 06 01 retrieved 2011 12 10 octavius of minucius felix chapter xxix genesis 14 14 stromata book vi chapter xi earlychristianwritings com 2006 02 02 retrieved 2011 12 10 church fathers apology tertullian new advent tertullian 3 de corona stott john 2006 the cross of christ 20th anniversary ed downers grove intervarsity press p 27 isbn 0 8308 3320 x kotansky roy january 1 2017 the magic crucifixion gem in the british museum greek roman and byzantine studies via www academia edu harley mcgowan felicity 2007 the crucifixion in jeffrey spier ed picturing the bible the earliest christian art yale university press isbn 9780300116830 earliest crucifixes first depiction of jesus on cross the bloodstone amulet september 10 2014 british museum collection online magical gem intaglio cross the jewish encyclopedia retrieved 2011 12 10 see apocalypse of mary viii in james texts and studies iii 118 samaan moses 25 august 2010 who wears the cross and when coptic orthodox diocese of los angeles southern california and hawaii retrieved 18 august 2020 konstantopoulos george d 18 september 2017 all orthodox christians are given a cross following their baptism to wear for life st andrew greek orthodox church archived from the original on 3 october 2020 retrieved 18 august 2020 sign of the cross holy apostolic catholic assyrian church of the east archdiocese of australia new zealand and lebanon archived from the original on 14 april 2020 retrieved 11 august 2020 inside their homes a cross is placed on the eastern wall of the first room if one sees a cross in a house and do not find a crucifix or pictures it is almost certain that the particular family belongs to the church of the east danielou jean 2016 origen wipf and stock publishers p 29 isbn 978 1 4982 9023 4 peterson quotes a passage from the acts of hipparchus and philotheus in hipparchus s house there was a specially decorated room and a cross was painted on the east wall of it there before the image of the cross they used to pray seven times a day with their faces turned to the east it is easy to see the importance of this passage when you compare it with what origen says the custom of turning towards the rising sun when praying had been replaced by the habit of turning towards the east wall this we find in origen from the other passage we see that a cross had been painted on the wall to show which was the east hence the origin of the practice of hanging crucifixes on the walls of the private rooms in christian houses we know too that signs were put up in the jewish synagogues to show the direction of jerusalem because the jews turned that way when they said their prayers the question of the proper way to face for prayer has always been of great importance in the east it is worth remembering that mohammedans pray with their faces turned towards mecca and that one reason for the condemnation of al hallaj the mohammedan martyr was that he refused to conform to this practice charles steve 24 march 2002 among the living maya wabash magazine wabash college retrieved 11 august 2020 in chamula ancient mayan beliefs mingle with roman catholicism the syncretism we ve been observing in various forms since we arrived in mexico to form the costumbres of these descendants of the maya a cross is placed on the eastern wall of every mayan home to commemorate the risen christ and the rising sun on the patio another cross faces west to salute the sun s passage below the earth nelson paul a home altars immanuel lutheran church retrieved 14 april 2018 keith houston shady characters w w norton company 2013 isbn 978 0 39306442 1 pp 97 and 106 the history of the first united methodist church of cuyahoga falls ohio 1830 1969 f w orth company 1968 p 134 the cross suspended over the altar is the focal point of the entire church interior and reminds us to center our lives in christ betteridge alan 1 august 2010 deep roots living branches a history of baptists in the english western midlands troubador publishing ltd p 446 isbn 9781848762770 chapter 9 7 cross jewishencyclopedia com jewishencyclopedia com jan willem drijvers helena augusta the mother of constantine the great and the legend of her finding of the true cross brill 1992 p 81 obelkevich james roper lyndal 5 november 2013 disciplines of faith studies in religion politics and patriarchy routledge p 548 isbn 9781136820793 heal bridget 2017 a magnificent faith art and identity in lutheran germany oxford university press p 270 isbn 9780198737575 it was however the crucifix that became the most important and widely disseminated lutheran devotional image the lutheran witness volume 81 concordia publishing house 1962 p 280 lutherans have always used crucifixes and crosses candl...