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ven to satan in christian belief this usage stems from a particular interpretation as a reference to a fallen angel of a passage in the bible isaiah 14 3 20 that speaks of someone who is given the name of day star or morning star in latin lucifer as fallen from heaven the greek etymological synonym of lucifer φωσφόρος phosphoros light bearer 123 124 is used of the morning star in 2 peter 1 19 and elsewhere with no reference to satan but satan is called lucifer in many writings later than the bible notably in milton s paradise lost 7 131 134 among others because according to milton satan was brighter once amidst the host of angels than that star the stars among allegedly fallen angels are those which have committed one of the seven deadly sins therefore are banished from heaven and suffer in hell for all eternity demons from hell would punish the fallen angel by ripping out their wings as a sign of insignificance and low rank 125 heaven edit dante and beatrice gaze upon the highest heavens from gustave doré s illustrations to the divine comedy main article heaven christianity christianity has taught heaven as a place of eternal life in that it is a shared plane to be attained by all the elect rather than an abstract experience related to individual concepts of the ideal the christian church has been divided over how people gain this eternal life from the 16th to the late 19th century christendom was divided between the catholic view the eastern orthodox view the coptic view the jacobite view the abyssinian view and protestant views see also christian denominations heaven is the english name for a transcendental realm wherein human beings who have transcended human living live in an afterlife in the bible and in english the term heaven may refer to the physical heavens the sky or the seemingly endless expanse of the universe beyond the traditional literal meaning of the term in english christianity maintains that entry into heaven awaits such time as when the form of this world has passed away jpii one view expressed in the bible is that on the day christ returns the righteous dead are resurrected first and then those who are alive and judged righteous will be brought up to join them to be taken to heaven i thess 4 13 18 two related and often confused concepts of heaven in christianity are better described as the resurrection of the body which is exclusively of biblical origin as contrasted with the immortality of the soul which is also evident in the greek tradition in the first concept the soul does not enter heaven until the last judgement or the end of time when it along with the body is resurrected and judged in the second concept the soul goes to a heaven on another plane such as the intermediate state immediately after death these two concepts are generally combined in the doctrine of the double judgement where the soul is judged once at death and goes to a temporary heaven while awaiting a second and final physical judgement at the end of the world jpii also see eschatology afterlife one popular medieval view of heaven was that it existed as a physical place above the clouds and that god and the angels were physically above watching over man heaven as a physical place survived in the concept that it was located far out into space and that the stars were lights shining through from heaven many of today s biblical scholars such as n t wright in tracing the concept of heaven back to its jewish roots see earth and heaven as overlapping or interlocking heaven is known as god s space his dimension and is not a place that can be reached by human technology this belief states that heaven is where god lives and reigns whilst being active and working alongside people on earth one day when god restores all things heaven and earth will be forever combined into the new heavens and new earth 126 of the world to come see also salvation and soteriology religions that teach about heaven differ on how and if one gets into it typically in the afterlife in most entrance to heaven is conditional on having lived a good life within the terms of the spiritual system a notable exception to this is the sola fide belief of many mainstream protestants which teaches that one does not have to live a perfectly good life but that one must accept jesus christ as one s lord and saviour and then jesus christ will assume the guilt of one s sins believers are believed to be forgiven regardless of any good or bad works one has participated in 127 many religions state that those who do not go to heaven will go to a place without the presence of god hell which is eternal see annihilationism some religions believe that other afterlives exist in addition to heaven and hell such as purgatory one belief universalism believes that everyone will go to heaven eventually no matter what they have done or believed on earth some forms of christianity believe hell to be the termination of the soul various saints have had visions of heaven 2 corinthians 12 2 4 the eastern orthodox concept of life in heaven is described in one of the prayers for the dead a place of light a place of green pasture a place of repose whence all sickness sorrow and sighing are fled away 128 the church bases its belief in heaven on some main biblical passages in the hebrew and christian scriptures old and new testaments and collected church wisdom heaven is the realm of the blessed trinity the angels 129 and the saints 130 the essential joy of heaven is called the beatific vision which is derived from the vision of god s essence the soul rests perfectly in god and does not or cannot desire anything else than god after the last judgment when the soul is reunited with its body the body participates in the happiness of the soul it becomes incorruptible glorious and perfect any physical defects the body may have laboured under are erased heaven is also known as paradise in some cases the great gulf separates heaven from hell upon dying each soul goes to what is called the particular judgement where its own afterlife is decided i e heaven after purgatory straight to heaven or hell this is different from the general judgement also known as the last judgement which will occur when christ returns to judge all the living and the dead the term heaven which differs from the kingdom of heaven see note below is applied by the biblical authors to the realm in which god currently resides eternal life by contrast occurs in a renewed unspoilt and perfect creation which can be termed heaven since god will choose to dwell there permanently with his people as seen in revelation 21 3 there will no longer be any separation between god and man the believers themselves will exist in incorruptible resurrected and new bodies there will be no sickness no death and no tears some teach that death itself is not a natural part of life but was allowed to happen after adam and eve disobeyed god see original sin so that mankind would not live forever in a state of sin and thus a state of separation from god many evangelicals understand this future life to be divided into two distinct periods first the millennial reign of christ the one thousand years on this earth referred to in revelation 20 1 10 secondly the new heavens and new earth referred to in revelation 21 and 22 this millennialism or chiliasm is a revival of a strong tradition in the early church 131 that was dismissed by saint augustine of hippo and the roman catholic church after him not only will the believers spend eternity with god they will also spend it with each other john s vision recorded in revelation describes a new jerusalem which comes from heaven to the new earth which is seen to be a symbolic reference to the people of god living in community with one another heaven will be the place where life will be lived to the full in the way that the designer planned each believer loving the lord their god with all their heart and with all their soul and with all their mind and loving their neighbour as themselves adapted from matthew 22 37 38 the great commandment a place of great joy without the negative aspects of earthly life see also world to come purgatory purgatory is the condition or temporary punishment 37 in which it is believed the souls of those who die in a state of grace are made ready for heaven this is a theological idea that has ancient roots and is well attested in early christian literature while the poetic conception of purgatory as a geographically situated place is largely the creation of medieval christian piety and imagination 37 the notion of purgatory is associated particularly with the latin church of the catholic church in the eastern catholic churches it is a doctrine though often without using the name purgatory anglicans of the anglo catholic tradition generally also hold to the belief citation needed john wesley the founder of methodism believed in an intermediate state between death and the final judgment and in the possibility of continuing to grow in holiness there 132 133 the eastern orthodox churches believe in the possibility of a change of situation for the souls of the dead through the prayers of the living and the offering of the divine liturgy 134 and many eastern orthodox especially among ascetics hope and pray for a general apocatastasis 135 a similar belief in at least the possibility of a final salvation for all is held by mormonism 136 judaism also believes in the possibility of after death purification 137 and may even use the word purgatory to present its understanding of the meaning of gehenna 138 however the concept of soul purification may be explicitly denied in these other faith traditions hell edit hell as depicted in hieronymus bosch s triptych the garden of earthly delights c 1504 main article hell in christian beliefs hell in christian beliefs is a place or a state in which the souls of the unsaved will suffer the consequences of sin the christian doctrine of hell derives from the teaching of the new testament where hell is typically described using the greek words gehenna or tartarus unlike hades sheol or purgatory it is eternal and those damned to hell are without hope in the new testament it is described as the place or state of punishment after death or last judgment for those who have rejected jesus 139 in many classical and popular depictions it is also the abode of satan and of demons 140 such is not the case in the book of revelation where satan is thrown into hell only at the end of christ s millennium long reign on this earth 141 hell is generally defined as the eternal fate of unrepentant sinners after this life 142 hell s character is inferred from biblical teaching which has often been understood literally 142 souls are said to pass into hell by god s irrevocable judgment either immediately after death particular judgment or in the general judgment 142 modern theologians generally describe hell as the logical consequence of the soul using its free will to reject the will of god 142 it is considered compatible with god s justice and mercy because god will not interfere with the soul s free choice 142 only in the king james version of the bible is the word hell used to translate certain words such as sheol hebrew and both hades and gehenna greek all other translations reserve hell only for use when gehenna is mentioned it is generally agreed that both sheol and hades do not typically refer to the place of eternal punishment but to the underworld or temporary abode of the dead 143 traditionally the majority of protestants have held that hell will be a place of unending conscious torment both physical and spiritual 144 although some recent writers such as c s lewis 145 and j p moreland 146 have cast hell in terms of eternal separation from god certain biblical texts have led some theologians to the conclusion that punishment in hell though eternal and irrevocable will be proportional to the deeds of each soul e g matthew 10 15 luke 12 46 48 147 another area of debate is the fate of the unevangelized i e those who have never had an opportunity to hear the christian gospel those who die in infancy and intellectually disabled people some protestants agree with augustine that people in these categories will be damned to hell for original sin while others believe that god will make an exception in these cases 144 a significant minority believe in the doctrine of conditional immortality 148 which teaches that those sent to hell will not experience eternal conscious punishment but instead will be extinguished or annihilated after a period of limited conscious punishment 149 prominent evangelical theologians who have adopted conditionalist beliefs include john wenham edward fudge clark pinnock and john stott although the latter has described himself as an agnostic on the issue of annihilationism 144 conditionalists typically reject the traditional concept of the immortality of the soul some protestants such as george macdonald karl randall keith derose and thomas talbott also however in a minority believe that after serving their sentence in gehenna all souls are reconciled to god and admitted to heaven or ways are found at the time of death of drawing all souls to repentance so that no hellish suffering is experienced this view is often called christian universalism its conservative branch is more specifically called biblical or trinitarian universalism and is not to be confused with unitarian universalism see universal reconciliation apocatastasis and the problem of hell theodicy allowance of evil edit further information theodicy and the bible theodicy can be said to be defense of god s goodness and omnipotence in view of the existence of evil specifically theodicy is a specific branch of theology and philosophy which attempts to reconcile belief in god with the perceived existence of evil 150 as such theodicy can be said to attempt to justify the behaviour of god at least insofar as god allows evil responses to the problem of evil have sometimes been classified as defenses or theodicies however authors disagree on the exact definitions 151 152 153 generally a defense attempts to show that there is no logical incompatibility between the existence of evil and the existence of god a defense need not argue that this is a probable or plausible explanation only that the defense is logically possible a defense attempts to answer the logical problem of evil a theodicy on the other hand is a more ambitious attempt to provide a plausible justification for the existence of evil a theodicy attempts to answer the evidential problem of evil 152 richard swinburne maintains that it does not make sense to assume there are greater goods unless we know what they are i e we have a successful theodicy 154 as an example some authors see arguments including demons or the fall of man as not logically impossible but not very plausible considering our knowledge about the world thus they are seen as defenses but no...
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