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th citation browsing and tracking in the sciences and social sciences each of these offer an index of citations between publications and a mechanism to establish which documents cite which other documents they are not open access and differ widely in cost web of science and scopus are available by subscription generally to libraries citeseer and google scholar are freely available online several open access subject specific citation indexing services also exist such as inspire hep which covers high energy physics pubmed which covers life sciences and biomedical topics and astrophysics data system which covers astronomy and physics representativeness of proprietary databases edit clarivate analytics web of science wos and elsevier s scopus databases are synonymous with data on international research and considered as the two most trusted or authoritative sources of bibliometric data for peer reviewed global research knowledge across disciplines 15 16 17 18 19 20 they are both also used widely for the purposes of researcher evaluation and promotion institutional impact for example the role of wos in the uk research excellence framework 2021 note 1 and international league tables bibliographic data from scopus represents more than 36 of assessment criteria in the the rankings note 2 but while these databases are generally agreed to contain rigorously assessed high quality research they do not represent the sum of current global research knowledge 21 it is often mentioned in popular science articles that the research output of countries in south america asia and africa are disappointingly low sub saharan africa is cited as an example for having 13 5 of the global population but less than 1 of global research output note 3 this fact is based on data from a world bank elsevier report from 2012 which relies on data from scopus note 4 research outputs in this context refers to papers specifically published in peer reviewed journals that are indexed in scopus similarly many others have analysed putatively global or international collaborations and mobility using the even more selective wos database 22 23 24 research outputs in this context refers to papers specifically published in peer reviewed journals that are indexed either in scopus or wos both wos and scopus are considered highly selective both are commercial enterprises whose standards and assessment criteria are mostly controlled by panels in north america and western europe the same is true for more comprehensive databases such as ulrich s web which lists as many as 70 000 journals 25 while scopus has fewer than 50 of these and wos has fewer than 25 15 while scopus is larger and geographically broader than wos it still only covers a fraction of journal publishing outside north america and europe for example it reports a coverage of over 2 000 journals in asia 230 more than the nearest competitor note 5 which may seem impressive until you consider that in indonesia alone there are more than 7 000 journals listed on the government s garuda portal note 6 of which more than 1 300 are currently listed on doaj note 7 whilst at least 2 500 japanese journals listed on the j stage platform note 8 similarly scopus claims to have about 700 journals listed from latin america in comparison with scielo s 1 285 active journal count note 9 but that is just the tip of the iceberg judging by the 1 300 doaj listed journals in brazil alone note 10 furthermore the editorial boards of the journals contained in wos and scopus databases are integrated by researchers from western europe and north america for example in the journal human geography 41 of editorial board members are from the united states and 37 8 from the uk 26 similarly 27 studied ten leading marketing journals in wos and scopus databases and concluded that 85 3 of their editorial board members are based in the united states it comes as no surprise that the research that gets published in these journals is the one that fits the editorial boards world view 27 comparison with subject specific indexes has further revealed the geographical and topic bias for example ciarli 28 found that by comparing the coverage of rice research in cab abstracts an agriculture and global health database with wos and scopus the latter may strongly under represent the scientific production by developing countries and over represent that by industrialised countries and this is likely to apply to other fields of agriculture this under representation of applied research in africa asia and south america may have an additional negative effect on framing research strategies and policy development in these countries 29 the overpromotion of these databases diminishes the important role of local and regional journals for researchers who want to publish and read locally relevant content some researchers deliberately bypass high impact journals when they want to publish locally useful or important research in favour of outlets that will reach their key audience quicker and in other cases to be able to publish in their native language 30 31 32 furthermore the odds are stacked against researchers for whom english is a foreign language 95 of wos journals are english 33 34 consider the use of english language a hegemonic and unreflective linguistic practice the consequences include that non native speakers spend part of their budget on translation and correction and invest a significant amount of time and effort on subsequent corrections making publishing in english a burden 35 36 a far reaching consequence of the use of english as the lingua franca of science is in knowledge production because its use benefits worldviews social cultural and political interests of the english speaking center 34 p 123 the small proportion of research from south east asia africa and latin america which makes it into wos and scopus journals is not attributable to a lack of effort or quality of research but due to hidden and invisible epistemic and structural barriers chan 2019 note 11 these are a reflection of deeper historical and structural power that had positioned former colonial masters as the centers of knowledge production while relegating former colonies to peripheral roles chan 2018 note 12 many north american and european journals demonstrate conscious and unconscious bias against researchers from other parts of the world note 13 many of these journals call themselves international but represent interests authors and even references only in their own languages note 14 37 therefore researchers in non european or north american countries commonly get rejected because their research is said to be not internationally significant or only of local interest the wrong local this reflects the current concept of international as limited to a euro anglophone centric way of knowledge production 38 33 in other words the ongoing internationalisation has not meant academic interaction and exchange of knowledge but the dominance of the leading anglophone journals in which international debates occurs and gains recognition 39 clarivate analytics have made some positive steps to broaden the scope of wos integrating the scielo citation index a move not without criticism note 15 and through the creation of the emerging sources index esi which has allowed database access to many more international titles however there is still a lot of work to be done to recognise and amplify the growing body of research literature generated by those outside north america and europe the royal society have previously identified that traditional metrics do not fully capture the dynamics of the emerging global science landscape and that academia needs to develop more sophisticated data and impact measures to provide a richer understanding of the global scientific knowledge that is available to us 40 academia has not yet built digital infrastructures which are equal comprehensive multi lingual and allows fair participation in knowledge creation 41 one way to bridge this gap is with discipline and region specific preprint repositories such as africarxiv and inarxiv open access advocates recommend to remain critical of those global research databases that have been built in europe or northern america and be wary of those who celebrate these products act as a representation of the global sum of human scholarly knowledge finally let us also be aware of the geopolitical impact that such systematic discrimination has on knowledge production and the inclusion and representation of marginalised research demographics within the global research landscape 21 see also edit acknowledgment index chinese science citation database citation analysis citeseerx emerging sources citation index esci google scholar index copernicus indian citation index journal citation reports korea citation index the lens microsoft academic search redalyc russian science citation index scielo scientific journal semantic scholar serbian citation index notes edit clarivate analytics will provide citation data during ref2021 world university rankings 2019 methodology 7 september 2018 times higher education africa produces just 1 1 of global scientific knowledge but change is coming theguardian com 26 october 2015 a decade of development in sub saharan african science technology engineering and mathematics research pdf scopus content coverage guide pdf archived from the original pdf on 2019 09 04 retrieved 2020 01 04 2017 garuda portal archived from the original on 2020 02 27 retrieved 2020 01 04 doaj journals from indonesia homepage j stage retrieved april 24 2022 scielo portal doaj journals from brazil leslie chan twitter open access the global south and the politics of knowledge production and circulation leslie chan interview with open library of humanities richard smith strong evidence of bias against research from low income countries 5 december 2017 neylon cameron 3 september 2018 the local and the global puncturing the myth of the international journal scielo open infrastructure and independence 3 september 2018 leslie chan references edit gómez morales yuri jack 2015 citations and scientific indexing the blackwell encyclopedia of sociology doi 10 1002 9781405165518 wbeosc037 pub2 isbn 978 1 4051 6551 8 giles c lee kurt d bollacker and steve lawrence citeseer an automatic citation indexing system in proceedings of the third acm conference on digital libraries pp 89 98 1998 hutchins bi baker kl davis mt diwersy ma haque e harriman rm hoppe ta leicht sa meyer p santangelo gm october 2019 the nih open citation collection a public access broad coverage resource plos biology 17 10 e3000385 doi 10 1371 journal pbio 3000385 pmc 6786512 pmid 31600197 scholargps scholargps retrieved september 27 2026 weinberg bella hass april 1997 318 aid asi5 3 0 co 2 z the earliest hebrew citation indexes journal of the american society for information science 48 4 318 330 doi 10 1002 sici 1097 4571 199704 48 4 318 aid asi5 3 0 co 2 z issn 0002 8231 weinberg bella hass the earliest hebrew citation indexes journal of the american society for information science 48 no 4 1997 318 330 bella hass weinberg the earliest hebrew citation indexes in trudi bellardo hahn michael keeble buckland eds historical studies in information science 1998 p 51 ff bella hass weinberg predecessors of scientific indexing structures in the domain of religion in w boyden rayward mary ellen bowden the history and heritage of scientific and technological information systems proceedings of the 2002 conference 2004 p 126 ff 1 2 shapiro fred r 1992 origins of bibliometrics citation indexing and citation analysis the neglected legal literature journal of the american society for information science 43 5 337 339 doi 10 1002 sici 1097 4571 199206 43 5 337 aid asi2 3 0 co 2 t 1 2 small henry 2018 03 02 citation indexing revisited garfield s early vision and its implications for the future frontiers in research metrics and analytics 3 8 doi 10 3389 frma 2018 00008 issn 2504 0537 1 2 garfield eugene 2000 the web of knowledge a festschrift in honor of eugene garfield information today inc pp 16 18 isbn 978 1 57387 099 3 garfield eugene 1955 07 15 citation indexes for science a new dimension in documentation through association of ideas science 122 3159 108 111 bibcode 1955sci 122 108g doi 10 1126 science 122 3159 108 issn 0036 8075 pmid 14385826 garfield eugene 1963 science citation index pdf university of pennsylvania garfield library pp v xvi retrieved 2013 05 27 web of science clarivate retrieved april 24 2022 1 2 mongeon philippe paul hus adèle 2016 the journal coverage of web of science and scopus a comparative analysis scientometrics 106 213 228 arxiv 1511 08096 doi 10 1007 s11192 015 1765 5 s2cid 17753803 archambault éric campbell david gingras yves larivière vincent 2009 comparing bibliometric statistics obtained from the web of science and scopus journal of the american society for information science and technology 60 7 1320 1326 arxiv 0903 5254 bibcode 2009arxiv0903 5254a doi 10 1002 asi 21062 s2cid 1168518 falagas matthew e pitsouni eleni i malietzis george a pappas georgios 2008 comparison of pubmed scopus web of science and google scholar strengths and weaknesses the faseb journal 22 2 338 342 doi 10 1096 fj 07 9492lsf pmid 17884971 s2cid 303173 alonso s cabrerizo f j herrera viedma e herrera f 2009 h index a review focused in its variants computation and standardization for different scientific fields pdf journal of informetrics 3 4 273 289 doi 10 1016 j joi 2009 04 001 hdl 10481 64974 harzing anne wil alakangas satu 2016 google scholar scopus and the web of science a longitudinal and cross disciplinary comparison pdf scientometrics 106 2 787 804 doi 10 1007 s11192 015 1798 9 s2cid 207236780 archived from the original pdf on 2021 06 23 retrieved 2021 02 21 robinson garcia nicolas chavarro diego andrés molas gallart jordi ràfols ismael 2016 05 28 on the dominance of quantitative evaluation in peripheral countries auditing research with technologies of distance ssrn 2818335 1 2 vanholsbeeck marc thacker paul sattler susanne ross hellauer tony rivera lópez bárbara s rice curt nobes andy masuzzo paola martin ryan kramer bianca havemann johanna enkhbayar asura davila jacinto crick tom crane harry tennant jonathan p 2019 03 11 ten hot topics around scholarly publishing publications 7 2 34 doi 10 3390 publications7020034 ribeiro leonardo costa rapini márcia siqueira silva leandro alves albuquerque eduardo motta 2018 growth patterns of the network of international collaboration in science scientometrics 114 159 179 doi 10 1007 s11192 017 2573 x s2cid 19052437 chinchilla rodríguez zaida miao lili murray dakota robinson garcía nicolás costas rodrigo sugimoto cassidy r 2018 a global comparison of scientific mobility and collaboration according to national scientific capacities frontiers in research metrics and analytics 3 doi 10 3389 frma 2018 00017 hdl 10261 170058 boshoff nelius akanmu moses a 201...
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