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capps wrote the macintosh finder as well as a number of macintosh system utilities in 2025 kare s classic mac icons from this period were included in pirouette turning points in design an exhibition at the museum of modern art moma featuring widely recognized design icons highlighting pivotal moments in design history 14 15 16 this work is also held in the museum s design collection 17 apple aggressively advertised their new machine after its release the company bought all 39 pages of advertisement space in the 1984 november december edition of newsweek magazine the macintosh quickly outsold its more sophisticated but much more expensive predecessor the lisa apple quickly developed macworks a product that allowed the lisa to emulate macintosh system software through system 3 by which time it had been discontinued as the rebranded macintosh xl many of the lisa s operating system advances would not appear in the macintosh operating system until system 7 or later architecture edit compatibility edit early versions of mac os are compatible only with motorola 68000 family macintoshes as apple introduced computers with powerpc hardware the os was ported to support this architecture mac os 8 1 is the last version that could run on a 68k processor the 68040 in systems prior to powerpc g3 based systems significant parts of the system are stored in physical rom on the motherboard the initial purpose of this is to avoid having the os use up most of the 128kib ram of the initial macintosh the initial roms were 64kib this architecture also allows for a completely graphical os interface at the lowest level without the need for a text only console or command line mode boot time errors such as finding no functioning disk drives are communicated to the user graphically usually with an icon or the distinctive chicago bitmap font and a chime of death or a series of beeps this is in contrast to ms dos and cp m computers of the time which display such messages in a mono spaced font on a black background and require the use of the keyboard rather than a mouse for input to provide such niceties at a low level early mac os depends on core system software in rom on the motherboard which also ensured that only apple computers or licensed clones with the copyright protected roms from apple can run mac os mac clones edit main article macintosh clone several computer manufacturers over the years made macintosh clones that were capable of running mac os from 1995 to 1997 apple licensed macintosh roms to several companies notably power computing umax and motorola these machines normally ran various versions of classic mac os steve jobs ended the clone licensing program after returning to apple in 1997 support for macintosh clones was first exhibited in system 7 5 1 which was the first version to include the mac os logo a variation on the original happy mac startup icon and mac os 7 6 was the first to be named mac os instead of system these changes were made to disassociate the operating system from apple s own macintosh models 18 file systems edit the macintosh originally used the macintosh file system mfs a flat file system where folders are just classifications of subsets of files this was quickly replaced in 1985 by the hierarchical file system hfs which had a true directory tree both file systems are otherwise compatible an improved file system named hfs plus hfs or mac os extended was announced in 1997 and implemented in 1998 19 files in most file systems have only one fork by contrast mfs and hfs give files two different forks the data fork contains the same sort of information as a file in other file systems such as the text of a document or the bitmaps of an image file the resource fork contains other structured data such as menu definitions graphics sounds or code segments that would be incorporated into a program s file format on other systems an executable file might consist only of resources including code segments with an empty data fork while a data file might have only a data fork with no resource fork a word processor file could contain its text in the data fork and styling information in the resource fork so that an application that does not recognize the styling information can still read the raw text on the other hand these forks would challenge interoperability with different operating systems in copying or transferring a mac os file to a non mac system the default implementations would strip the file of its resource fork most data files contained only nonessential information in their resource fork such as window size and location but program files would be inoperative without their resources this necessitated such encoding schemes as binhex and macbinary which allowed a user to encode a dual forked file into a single stream or inversely take a single stream so encoded and reconstitute it into a dual forked file usable by mac os release history edit system 1 2 3 and 4 edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed october 2019 learn how and when to remove this message early versions of the macintosh operating system do not have a distinct name the software consists of two user visible files the system file and the finder an application used for file management that also displays the desktop the two files are contained in a folder directory labeled system folder which contains other resource files like a printer driver needed to interact with the system 5 version numbers of the operating system are based on the version numbers of these two files system 1 0 1 1 and 2 0 use a flat file system known as the macintosh file system mfs the finder provides virtual folders that could be used to organize files but these folders are not visible from any other application and do not exist on the disk system 2 0 added support for appletalk and the newly introduced laserwriter to use it system 2 1 finder 5 0 introduced the hierarchical file system hfs which has real directories this version was specifically to support the hard disk 20 and only implements hfs in ram startup and most floppy disks remain mfs 400 k volumes system 3 0 finder 5 1 was introduced with the macintosh plus officially implementing hfs 800k startup drives support for several new technologies including scsi and appleshare and trash bulging i e when the trash contains files it gains a bulged appearance system 4 0 was released with the macintosh se and system 4 1 first shipped with the macintosh ii these new machines required additional support for the first expansion slots the apple desktop bus adb internal hard drives and on the macintosh ii external color displays and the first motorola 68020 processor system 4 0 was the first release to support color graphics previous releases did not support color 20 these releases can only run one application at a time except for desk accessories though special application shells such as multi mac 21 or switcher discussed under multifinder could work around this visible changes are best reflected in the version number of the finder where major leaps are found between 1 x 4 x 5 x and 6 x in 1989 apple developer group distributed a developer helper cd containing most previous system releases retroactively naming the pairs of system finder files in a largely arbitrary manner these names were carried forward by apple into official documentation and support articles 22 system version 23 finder version 23 retroactive name 5 22 release 23 24 laserwriter version 5 information 0 97 1 0 macintosh system software january 24 1984 1 2 n a first release shipped with the original macintosh 1 1 1 1g macintosh system software 0 1 may 5 1984 n a maintenance release added mountain scene about box clean up command 5 2 0 4 1 macintosh system software 0 3 0 5 april 8 1985 n a finder update introduced new folder and shut down commands and installation of a minifinder application for quickly launching any of the chosen applications system introduced screenshots using command shift 3 2 1 25 5 0 26 september 17 1985 n a added support for the hard disk 20 and hfs 25 26 3 0 5 1 macintosh system software 0 7 january 16 1986 n a added more complete support for hfs a ram disk cache zoom boxes for windows and a redesigned control panel introduced with the macintosh plus 3 1 5 2 system software 1 0 february 14 1986 1 1 caused data corruption and was superseded by 3 2 shortly after release 3 2 5 3 system software 1 1 june 2 1986 3 1 fixed problems with data loss system crashes updated chooser and calculator 27 3 3 5 4 appleshare 1 0 january 12 1987 enhanced appleshare file serving support for macintosh 512k ver 1 0 and 512ke ver 1 1 28 the trash can icon now bulges when it s not empty 5 5 appleshare 1 1 3 4 6 1 appleshare 2 0 1988 appleshare file server workstation installer for 512ke ver 2 0 1 disk 28 4 0 5 4 system software 2 0 march 2 1987 released with macintosh se added the find file desktop accessory and the restart command features a redesigned control panel 4 1 5 5 system software 2 0 1 april 14 1987 4 0 released with macintosh ii added easy access accessibility features improved compatibility with larger hard drives system software 5 edit towards the end of 1987 apple introduced a package titled apple macintosh system software update 5 0 29 for the first time the macintosh operating system was offered as a distinct retail product that included four 800k disks and three manuals at a cost of us 49 the software itself was still freely available through user groups and bulletin board services while the product box presented this update to the operating system as version 5 0 this number does not appear in the software itself three of the four disks system tools 1 system tools 2 and utilities 1 are bootable and the user can boot off whichever floppy contains the tools they need for instance system tools 2 is the only disk with printer drivers and utilities 1 is the only disk with disk first aid and apple hd sc setup because the disks are named system tools users and the press commonly referred to this version as system tools 5 0 the primary new feature of system 5 is multifinder an extension that lets the system run several programs at once the system uses a cooperative multitasking model meaning that time is given to the background applications only when the foreground application yields control a change in system functions that applications were already calling to handle events make many existing applications share time automatically as well as being allowed to perform tasks in the background 29 users can also choose not to use multifinder thereby using a single application at a time in 1990 infoworld tested four multitasking options for pc and mac viewing multifinder positively overall but noting that its presence halved the speed of file transfers and printing compared to the single tasking system 6 without multifinder 30 system software release 5 release date 5 system version 5 software version 5 release information 5 finder multifinder laserwriter 5 0 october 1987 31 4 2 6 0 1 0 5 0 initial release 5 1 november 1987 4 3 5 1 updated laserwriter driver and new version of apple hd sc setup system software 6 edit main article system 6 system software 6 also referred to as system 6 is a consolidation release of the macintosh system software producing a complete stable and long lasting operating system two major hardware introductions requiring additional support under system 6 are the 68030 processor and 1 44 mb superdrive debuting with the macintosh iix and macintosh se 30 later updates include support for the first specialized laptop features with the introduction of the macintosh portable from system 6 forward the finder has a unified version number closely matching that of the system alleviating much of the confusion caused by the often considerable differences between earlier systems 23 this section is an excerpt from system 6 version history edit system version 32 release 32 software versions 32 information 32 finder multifinder laserwriter 6 0 june 10 1988 33 6 1 6 0 5 2 initial release 6 0 1 september 19 1988 6 1 1 6 0 1 release for macintosh iix 6 0 2 september 19 1988 6 1 6 0 1 maintenance release 6 0 3 december 23 1988 34 6 0 3 maintenance release with bug fixes for apple file exchange time manager and other components new york 18 and 24 fonts were removed the macintosh iicx shipped with this version 6 0 4 september 20 1989 6 1 4 6 0 4 release for macintosh portable and iici 6 0 5 march 19 1990 6 1 5 6 0 5 release for macintosh iifx 6 0 6 march 19 1990 6 1 6 6 0 6 release for early macintosh classic lc and iisi contained bugs with keyboard and appletalk 35 6 0 7 october 15 1990 6 1 7 6 0 7 maintenance release 6 0 8 may 13 1991 6 1 8 6 0 8 7 0 updated printing software to match system 7 6 0 8l march 23 1992 36 release for macintosh classic ii and powerbook 100 enables system 7 network compatibility also runs on the macintosh classic lc and lc ii but no other computers system 7 mac os 7 edit main article system 7 on may 13 1991 system 7 was released it was a major upgrade over system 6 adding a significant user interface overhaul new applications stability improvements and many new features its introduction coincides with the release of and provided support for the 68040 macintosh line the system 7 era saw numerous changes in the macintosh platform including a proliferation of macintosh models the 68k to power macintosh transition as well as the rise of microsoft windows increasing use of computer networking and the explosion in the popularity of the internet one of the most significant features of system 7 is virtual memory support an essential subsystem anticipated for years which only exists for previous systems in a third party extension named virtual from connectix 30 accompanying this was a move to 32 bit memory addressing necessary for the ever increasing amounts of ram available to the motorola 68030 cpu and 68020 cpus with a 68851 pmmu this process involves making all of the routines in os code use the full 32 bits of a pointer as an address prior systems used the upper 8 bits as flags this change is known as being 32 bit clean while system 7 itself is 32 bit clean many existing machines and thousands of applications were not so it was some time before the process was completed to ease the transition the memory control panel contains a switch to disable this feature allowing for compatibility with older applications another notable system 7 feature is built in cooperative multitasking in system software 6 this function was optional through the multifinder system 7 also introduced aliases similar to symbolic links on unix shortcuts that were introduced in later versions of microsoft windows and shadows in ibm os 2 system extensions were enhanced by being moved to their own subfolder a subfolder in the system folder was also creat...