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cleomedes wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 placing his work chronologically 2 on the circular motions of the celestial bodies 3 optics 4 legacy 5 references 6 further reading 7 external links toggle the table of contents cleomedes 25 languages català čeština deutsch ελληνικά esperanto español suomi français galego עברית italiano 日本語 ქართული монгол nederlands polski română русский srpskohrvatski српскохрватски slovenščina српски srpski svenska türkçe українська 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia ancient greek astronomer this article is about the greek astronomer for the lunar crater see cleomedes crater for the ancient greek boxer see kleomedes of astypalia cleomedes greek κλεομήδης was a greek astronomer who is known chiefly for his book on the circular motions of the celestial bodies κυκλικὴ θεωρία μετεώρων also known as the heavens latin caelestia placing his work chronologically edit his birth and death dates are not known historians have suggested that he wrote his work sometime between the mid 1st century bc and 400 ad the earlier estimates rely on the fact that cleomedes refers extensively in his writing to the work of mathematician and astronomer posidonius of rhodes c 135 c 51 bc and yet seemingly not at all to the work of ptolemy c 100 c 170 ad cleomedes also refers to aristotle 384 322 bc pytheas of massalia 310 306 bc aratus c 315 310 bc 240 bc eratosthenes 276 195 bc and hipparchus c 190 c 120 bc these conclusions have been challenged on the grounds that cleomedes work was in relatively elementary astronomy and that reference to ptolemy would not necessarily be expected the 20th century mathematician otto neugebauer however looked closely at the astronomical observations made by cleomedes and concluded that a date of 371 ad 50 years better explains what is found there neugebauer s estimate has been challenged on the grounds that cleomedes makes observational errors with enough frequency that there is difficulty in deciding which observations to trust for the purpose of dating his work on the circular motions of the celestial bodies edit the book for which cleomedes is known is a fairly basic astronomy textbook in two volumes his purpose in writing seems to have been as philosophical as it was scientific he spends an extensive amount of time criticizing the scientific ideas of the epicureans cleomedes book is valued primarily for preserving apparently verbatim much of posidonius writings on astronomy none of posidonius books have survived to the modern day cleomedes is accurate in some of his remarks on lunar eclipses especially his conjecture that the shadow on the moon suggests a spherical earth he also remarks presciently that the absolute size of many stars may exceed that of the sun and that the earth might appear as a very small star if viewed from the surface of the sun this book is the original source for the well known story of how eratosthenes measured the earth s circumference many modern mathematicians and astronomers believe the description to be reasonable and believe eratosthenes achievement to be one of the more impressive accomplishments of ancient astronomy cleomedes deserves credit for the earliest clear statement of the apparent distance explanation of the sun illusion or moon illusion he argued that the sun appeared farther away on the horizon than in the zenith and therefore larger since its angular size was constant he attributed this explanation to posidonius optics edit as a disciple of posidonius cleomedes noted some elementary qualitative properties of refraction such as the bending of a ray toward the perpendicular in passing from a less dense to a more dense medium and suggested that due to atmospheric refraction the sun and its rainbow may be visible when the sun is below the horizon 1 legacy edit cleomedes is now memorialized by the crater cleomedes in the northeastern portion of the visible moon references edit carl benjamin boyer the rainbow from myth to mathematics 1959 further reading edit alan c bowen robert b todd cleomedes lectures on astronomy a translation of the heavens with an introduction and commentary university of california press 2004 isbn 0520233255 helen e ross cleomedes c 1st century ad on the celestial illusion atmospheric enlargement and size distance invariance perception 2000 29 863 871 external links edit on the circular motions of the celestial bodies original text online and biography english translation of the section on eratosthenes and the size of the earth at roger pearse o connor john j robertson edmund f cleomedes mactutor history of mathematics archive university of st andrews an article on cleomedes description of atmospheric enlargement from perception 2000 edicion bilingue griego español v t e ancient greek astronomy astronomers aglaonice agrippa anaximander andronicus apollonius aratus aristarchus aristyllus attalus autolycus bion callippus cleomedes cleostratus conon eratosthenes euctemon eudoxus geminus heraclides hicetas hipparchus hippocrates of chios hypsicles menelaus meton oenopides philip of opus philolaus posidonius ptolemy pytheas seleucus sosigenes of alexandria sosigenes the peripatetic strabo thales theodosius theon of alexandria theon of smyrna timocharis treatises extant almagest ptolemy analemma ptolemy commentary on the phenomena hipparchus diosemeia aratus handy tables ptolemy hypotosis proclus introduction to the phenomena geminus on risings and settings autolycus on ascensions hypsicles on days and nights theodosius on habitations theodosius on the circular motions of the celestial bodies cleomedes on the heavens aristotle on the sizes and distances aristarchus on mathematics useful for the understanding of plato theon of smyrna on the moving sphere autolycus phaenomena euclid phenomena aratus planisphaerium ptolemy planetary hypothesis ptolemy risings of the fixed stars ptolemy spherics menelaus spherics theodosius the sand reckoner archimedes fragmentary catasterismi eratosthenes commentary on the almagest pappus commentary on the almagest theon of alexandria great commentary on the handy tables theon of alexandria history of astronomy eudemus little commentary on the handy tables theon of alexandria meteoroscope ptolemy on the measurement of the earth eratosthenes on nature anaximander on nature philolaus on sizes and distances hipparchus star catalogue hipparchus untitled work on heliocentrism aristarchus lost analemma diodorus astronomia hesiod description of the heavens democritus commentary on aratus theon of alexandria commentary on the analemma of diodorus pappus disappearances of the sun eudoxus eneptron eudoxus on fixed stars anaximander on speeds eudoxus on the displacement of the solstitial and equinoctial points hipparchus on the eight year lunisolar venus cycle eudoxus on the equinox thales on the great year democritus on the length of the year hipparchus on the solstice thales on the sphere achilles tatius nautical star guide thales phaenomena eudoxus planispheres democritus rotation of the earth anaximander treatise on the astrolabe theon of alexandria compilations little astronomy instruments antikythera mechanism armillary sphere astrolabe dioptra equatorial ring gnomon mural instrument triquetrum concepts callippic cycle celestial spheres circle of latitude counter earth deferent and epicycle equant geocentrism heliocentrism hipparchic cycle inferior and superior planets metonic cycle octaeteris solstice spherical earth sublunary sphere zodiac influences babylonian astronomy egyptian astronomy influenced medieval european science indian astronomy medieval islamic astronomy v t e ancient greek mathematics mathematicians timeline anaxagoras anthemius apollonius archimedes archytas aristaeus the elder aristarchus autolycus bion bryson callippus carpus chrysippus cleomedes conon ctesibius democritus dicaearchus dinostratus diocles dionysodorus of caunus dionysodorus of amisene diophantus domninus eratosthenes euclid eudemus eudoxus eutocius geminus heliodorus heron hipparchus hippasus hippias hippocrates hypatia hypsicles isidore of miletus leon marinus menaechmus menelaus metrodorus nicomachus nicomedes nicoteles oenopides pandrosion pappus perseus philolaus philon philonides porphyry of tyre posidonius proclus ptolemy pythagoras serenus sosigenes sporus thales theaetetus theodorus theodosius theon of alexandria theon of smyrna thymaridas xenocrates zeno of elea zeno of sidon zenodorus treatises almagest arithmetica conics apollonius catoptrics data euclid elements euclid little astronomy measurement of a circle on conoids and spheroids on the sizes and distances aristarchus on sizes and distances hipparchus on the moving sphere autolycus optics euclid on spirals on the sphere and cylinder ostomachion phaenomena euclid planisphaerium spherics theodosius spherics menelaus the quadrature of the parabola the sand reckoner concepts and definitions chord circles of apollonius apollonian circles apollonian gasket problem of apollonius commensurability diophantine equation euclidean geometry golden ratio lune of hippocrates method of exhaustion parallel postulate platonic solid regular polygon straightedge and compass construction angle trisection doubling the cube squaring the circle quadratrix of hippias neusis construction results in elements angle bisector theorem exterior angle theorem euclidean algorithm euclid s theorem geometric mean theorem hinge theorem inscribed angle theorem intercept theorem intersecting chords theorem intersecting secants theorem law of cosines pons asinorum pythagorean theorem tangent secant theorem thales s theorem theorem of the gnomon apollonius s theorem aristarchus s inequality heron s formula law of sines menelaus s theorem pappus s area theorem problem ii 8 of arithmetica ptolemy s inequality ptolemy s table of chords ptolemy s theorem spiral of theodorus centers schools cyrene platonic academy pythagoreanism school of chios related ancient greek astronomy attic numerals greek numerals history of a history of greek mathematics by thomas heath archimedes palimpsest algebra timeline arithmetic timeline calculus timeline geometry timeline logic timeline mathematics timeline numbers prehistoric counting numeral systems list other cultures arabian islamic babylonian chinese egyptian inca indian japanese ancient greece portal mathematics portal authority control databases international isni viaf 2 3 4 5 gnd fast worldcat national united states france bnf data czech republic spain portugal netherlands norway greece sweden poland vatican israel catalonia belgium academics cinii zbmath people deutsche biographie ddb other idref open library retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title cleomedes oldid 1356338745 categories roman era greeks ancient greek astronomers ancient greek mathematicians hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata articles containing greek language text articles containing latin language text this page was last edited on 27 may 2026 at 04 31 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and 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