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url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikispecies wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia genus of bacteria clostridium photomicrograph of clostridium botulinum bacteria stained with crystal violet scientific classification domain bacteria kingdom bacillati phylum bacillota class clostridia order eubacteriales family clostridiaceae genus clostridium prazmowski 1880 species 164 species see list of clostridium species for complete taxonomy clostridium is a genus of anaerobic gram positive bacteria species of clostridium inhabit soils and the intestinal tracts of animals including humans 1 this genus includes several significant human pathogens including the causative agents of botulism and tetanus it also formerly included an important cause of diarrhea clostridioides difficile which was reclassified into the clostridioides genus in 2016 2 history edit circa 1880 in the course of studying fermentation and butyric acid synthesis a scientist surnamed prazmowski first assigned a binomial name to clostridium butyricum 3 the mechanisms of anaerobic respiration were still not yet well elucidated at that time so taxonomy of anaerobes was still developing 3 taxonomy edit main article list of clostridium species as of october 2022 there are 164 validly published species in clostridium 4 the genus as traditionally defined contains many organisms not closely related to its type species the issue was originally illustrated in full detail by a rrna phylogeny from collins 1994 which split the traditional genus now corresponding to a large slice of clostridia into twenty clusters with cluster i containing the type species clostridium butyricum and its close relatives 5 over the years this has resulted in many new genera being split out with the ultimate goal of constraining clostridium to cluster i 6 clostridium cluster xiva now lachnospiraceae 7 and clostridium cluster iv now ruminococcaceae 7 efficiently ferment plant polysaccharide composing dietary fiber 8 making them important and abundant taxa in the rumen and the human large intestine 9 as mentioned before these clusters are not part of current clostridium 5 10 and use of these terms should be avoided due to ambiguous or inconsistent usage 7 biochemistry edit species of clostridium are obligate anaerobe and capable of producing endospores they generally stain gram positive but as well as bacillus are often described as gram variable because they show an increasing number of gram negative cells as the culture ages 11 the schaeffer fulton stain 0 5 malachite green in water can be used to distinguish endospores of bacillus and clostridium from other microorganisms 12 clostridium can be differentiated from the also endospore forming genus bacillus by its obligate anaerobic growth the shape of endospores and the lack of catalase species of desulfotomaculum form similar endospores and can be distinguished by their requirement for sulfur 1 glycolysis and fermentation of pyruvic acid by clostridia yield butyric acid butanol acetone isopropanol and carbon dioxide 11 a commercially available polymerase chain reaction pcr test kit for c perfringens exists 13 biology and pathogenesis edit clostridium species are readily found inhabiting soils and intestinal tracts clostridium species are also a normal inhabitant of the healthy lower reproductive tract of females 14 the main species responsible for disease in humans are 15 clostridium botulinum can produce botulinum toxin in food or wounds and can cause botulism which can be fatal this same toxin is known as botox and is used in cosmetic surgery to paralyze facial muscles to reduce the signs of aging it also has numerous other therapeutic uses clostridium perfringens causes a wide range of symptoms from food poisoning to cellulitis fasciitis necrotic enteritis and gas gangrene 16 17 clostridium septicum can also cause rapidly progressive myonecrosis gas gangrene type 18 clostridium tetani causes tetanus 19 several more pathogenic species that were previously described in clostridium have been found to belong to other genera 6 clostridium difficile now placed in clostridioides clostridium histolyticum now placed in hathewaya clostridium sordellii now placed in paraclostridium can cause a fatal infection in exceptionally rare cases after medical abortions 20 treatment edit clostridium welchii and clostridium tetani respond to sulfonamides 21 clostridia are also susceptible to tetracyclines carbapenems imipenem metronidazole vancomycin and chloramphenicol 22 clostridium botulinum is highly resistant to radiation the vegetative cells of clostridia are heat labile and are killed by short heating at temperatures above 72 75 c 162 167 f 23 lysozyme nitrate nitrite and propionic acid salts inhibit clostridia growth in certain food products 24 25 26 use edit clostridium thermocellum can use lignocellulosic waste and generate ethanol thus making it a possible candidate for use in production of ethanol fuel 27 it also has no oxygen requirement and is thermophilic which reduces cooling cost 28 clostridium acetobutylicum was first used by chaim weizmann to produce acetone and biobutanol from starch in 1916 for the production of cordite smokeless gunpowder in the weizmann process 29 clostridium botulinum produces a potentially lethal neurotoxin used in a diluted form in the drug botox which is carefully injected to nerves in the face which prevents the movement of the expressive muscles of the forehead to delay the wrinkling effect of aging it is also used to treat spasmodic torticollis and provides relief for around 12 to 16 weeks 30 clostridium butyricum strain miyairi 588 is marketed in japan korea and china for clostridium difficile prophylaxis due to its reported ability to interfere with the growth of the latter 31 some clostridia that cause gas gangrene produce hyaluronidase deoxyribonuclease lecithinase leukocidin protease lipase and hemolysin 11 32 clostridium ljungdahlii recently discovered in commercial chicken wastes can produce ethanol from single carbon sources including synthesis gas a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen that can be generated from the partial combustion of either fossil fuels or biomass 33 clostridium butyricum converts glycerol to 1 3 propanediol 34 genes from clostridium thermocellum have been inserted into transgenic mice to allow the production of endoglucanase the experiment was intended to learn more about how the digestive capacity of monogastric animals could be improved 35 36 nonpathogenic strains of clostridium may help in the treatment of diseases such as cancer research shows that clostridium can selectively target cancer cells some strains can enter and replicate within solid tumors clostridium could therefore be used to deliver therapeutic proteins to tumours this use of clostridium has been demonstrated in a variety of preclinical models 37 mixtures of clostridium species such as clostridium beijerinckii clostridium butyricum and species from other genera have been shown to produce biohydrogen from yeast waste 38 clostridium symbiosum are also an important gut bacteria which produce bilr bilirubin reductase which is a critical enzyme in the metabolic recycling of heme 39 references edit 1 2 maczulak a 2011 clostridium encyclopedia of microbiology facts on file pp 168 173 isbn 978 0 8160 7364 1 dieterle michael g rao krishna young vincent b 2019 novel therapies and preventative strategies for primary and recurrent clostridium difficile infections annals of the new york academy of sciences 1435 1 110 138 bibcode 2019nyasa1435 110d doi 10 1111 nyas 13958 issn 1749 6632 pmc 6312459 pmid 30238983 1 2 newman sir george 1904 bacteriology and the public health philadelphia pennsylvania p blakiston s son and co pp 107 108 isbn 978 1 345 75027 0 cite book isbn date incompatibility help page genus clostridium on lpsn list of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature deutsche sammlung von mikroorganismen und zellkulturen retrieved 2022 10 03 1 2 collins md lawson pa willems a cordoba jj fernandez garayzabal j garcia p cai j hippe h farrow ja october 1994 the phylogeny of the genus clostridium proposal of five new genera and eleven new species combinations international journal of systematic bacteriology 44 4 812 26 doi 10 1099 00207713 44 4 812 pmid 7981107 1 2 lawson pa rainey fa february 2016 proposal to restrict the genus clostridium prazmowski to clostridium butyricum and related species international journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology 66 2 1009 1016 doi 10 1099 ijsem 0 000824 pmid 26643615 1 2 3 oh hyunseok september 18 2018 taxonomy of clostridium clusters xiva and iv emedicine ezbiocloud retrieved 2021 06 04 boutard m cerisy t nogue py alberti a weissenbach j salanoubat m tolonen ac november 2014 functional diversity of carbohydrate active enzymes enabling a bacterium to ferment plant biomass plos genetics 10 11 e1004773 doi 10 1371 journal pgen 1004773 pmc 4230839 pmid 25393313 lopetuso lr scaldaferri f petito v gasbarrini a august 2013 commensal clostridia leading players in the maintenance of gut homeostasis gut pathogens 5 1 23 doi 10 1186 1757 4749 5 23 pmc 3751348 pmid 23941657 lopetuso lr scaldaferri f petitov gasbarrini a 2013 commensal clostridia leading players in the maintenance of gut homeostasis gut pathogens 5 1 23 doi 10 1186 1757 4749 5 23 pmc 3751348 pmid 23941657 1 2 3 tortora gj funke br case cl 2010 microbiology an introduction 10th ed benjamin cummings pp 87 134 433 isbn 978 0 321 55007 1 maczulak a 2011 stain encyclopedia of microbiology facts on file pp 726 729 isbn 978 0 8160 7364 1 willems h jäger c reiner g 2007 polymerase chain reaction ullmann s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry 7th ed wiley pp 1 27 doi 10 1002 14356007 c21_c01 pub2 isbn 978 3 527 30673 2 s2cid 86159965 hoffman b 2012 williams gynecology 2nd ed new york mcgraw hill medical p 65 isbn 978 0 07 171672 7 wells cl wilkins td baron s 1996 clostridia sporeforming anaerobic bacilli in baron s et al eds baron s medical microbiology 4th ed univ of texas medical branch isbn 978 0 9631172 1 2 pmid 21413315 kiu r hall lj august 2018 an update on the human and animal enteric pathogen clostridium perfringens emerging microbes infections 7 1 141 doi 10 1038 s41426 018 0144 8 pmc 6079034 pmid 30082713 kiu r brown j bedwell h leclaire c caim s pickard d et al october 2019 clostridium perfringens strains and exploratory caecal microbiome investigation reveals key factors linked to poultry necrotic enteritis animal microbiome 1 1 12 doi 10 1186 s42523 019 0015 1 pmc 7000242 pmid 32021965 mallozzi michael j g clark andrew e 2016 12 01 trusting your gut diagnosis and management of clostridium septicum infections clinical microbiology newsletter 38 23 187 191 doi 10 1016 j clinmicnews 2016 11 001 issn 0196 4399 george elizabeth k de jesus orlando tobin ellis h vivekanandan renuga 2026 tetanus clostridium tetani infection statpearls treasure island fl statpearls publishing pmid 29494091 retrieved 2026 06 21 meites e zane s gould c september 2010 fatal clostridium sordellii infections after medical abortions the new england journal of medicine 363 14 1382 3 doi 10 1056 nejmc1001014 pmid 20879895 actor p chow aw dutko fj mckinlay ma 2007 chemotherapeutics ullmann s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry 7th ed wiley pp 1 61 doi 10 1002 14356007 a06_173 isbn 978 3 527 30673 2 harvey ra ed 2012 lippincott s illustrated reviews pharmacology 5th ed lippincott pp 389 404 isbn 978 1 4511 1314 3 jelen p 2007 foods 2 food technology ullmann s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry 7th ed wiley pp 1 38 doi 10 1002 14356007 a11_523 isbn 978 3 527 30673 2 burkhalter g steffen c puhan z 2007 cheese processed cheese and whey ullmann s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry 7th ed wiley pp 1 11 doi 10 1002 14356007 a06_163 isbn 978 3 527 30673 2 honikel ko 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