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n herd within the arroyo before killing them 60 megafaunal extinction edit beginning in the 1950s paul s martin proposed the overkill hypothesis suggesting that the late pleistocene megafauna extinctions in north america were driven by human hunting including by clovis peoples with the hunting and extinction of large herbivores having a knock on effect causing the extinction of large carnivores this suggestion has been the subject of controversy 61 the timing of megafauna extinction in north america also coincides with major climatic changes making it difficult to disentangle the effects of various factors 62 in a 2012 survey of archaeologists in the saa archaeological record 63 of respondents said that megafauna extinctions were likely the result of a combination of factors 63 genetics edit the only known clovis burial is that of anzick 1 an infant boy who was found near wilsall montana in 1968 the body was associated with over 100 stone and bone artifacts all of which were stained with red ocher radiocarbon dating of the skeleton along with the bone artifacts suggests it dates to approximately 12 990 12 840 years bp 64 sequencing of his genome demonstrates that he is part of the same population as most modern native americans and in particular is part of the southern native american sna branch that is ancestral to modern indigenous americans in central and south america as opposed to the northern native american branch which split from the sna branch around 16 000 years ago ancestral to most contemporary indigenous americans in north america north of mexico 13 65 66 67 there is considerable variability in the genetic affinity of central and south american indigenous peoples to anzick 1 with some of the oldest ancient south american individuals showing particularly close genetic ties this indicates that ancestry related to anzick 1 was already present among early populations of central and south america by at least 11 000 years ago however this ancestry was not the primary source of the ancestry of later south american populations indicating a major population turnover beginning at least 9 000 years ago 68 more recent genomic research indicates that the peopling of south america involved multiple dispersals and regional differentiation characterized by periods of population replacement alongside long term genetic continuity in some regions 69 like other native americans anzick 1 is closely related to siberian peoples having like other native americans as well as modern northeast siberians a mixture of east asian related and ancient north eurasian ancestry the latter associated with the siberian mal ta buret culture 70 71 72 confirming the asian origin of the clovis culture 13 he belongs to y chromosome haplogroup q l54 which is common among contemporary native americans and to mitochondrial haplogroup d4h3a which is rare among contemporary native americans occurring in only 1 4 primarily along the pacific coast but more common in the very earliest indigenous americans 13 distribution and chronology edit further information peopling of the americas some authors have suggested that the clovis culture lasted for a relatively short period of a few centuries a 2020 study suggests a temporal range based on ten securely radiocarbon dated clovis sites of 13 050 to 12 750 calibrated years bp ending subsequent to the onset of the younger dryas 1 this is consistent with the results obtained in a 2007 study by the same authors 73 other authors have argued that some sites extend the range of the clovis culture back to 13 500 years bp though the dating for these earlier sites is not secure 62 some scholars have supported a long chronology for clovis of around 1 500 years 14 historically many authors argued for a clovis first paradigm where clovis which represents the earliest recognisable archaeological culture in north america 14 were suggested to represent the earliest inhabitants of the americas south of the laurentide ice sheet the ice sheet that along with the smaller cordilleran ice sheet to the west covered most of canada and parts of the northern contiguous united states separating central north america from the ice free east beringia region comprising alaska and parts of yukon however since the beginning of the 21st century this hypothesis has been abandoned by most researchers 63 as several widely accepted sites notably monte verde ii in chile c 14 500 years bp 74 as well as paisley caves in oregon c 14 200 years bp 75 cooper s ferry in idaho c 15 800 years bp 76 page ladson c 14 550 years bp in florida 77 and the debra l friedkin and gault sites which are within 500 metres 1 600 ft of each other of the buttermilk creek complex c 15 500 to 13 500 years bp in texas 78 are suggested to be considerably older than the oldest clovis sites the white sands footprints in new mexico may be even older dating to the last glacial maximum around 23 000 years ago 79 routes of the competing ice free corridor and coastal migration hypotheses for human arrival into north america historically it was suggested that the ancestors of the people who produced the clovis culture migrated into north america along the ice free corridor the boundary region between the laurentide and cordilleran ice sheets that is suggested to have melted and become ice free prior to the melting of the rest of the ice sheets providing a passageway between eastern beringia and central north america but many later scholars have suggested that a migration along the pacific coast is more likely 80 a 2022 study proposed that the ice free corridor was impassable until around 13 800 years ago long after the earliest confirmed human presence in the americas south of the ice sheets 81 it has also been suggested that the fluted projectile point style of the clovis culture originated in temperate north america south of the ice sheet and was later transported northwards along the expanding ice free corridor 82 the clovis culture is known from localities across north america from southern canada 83 to northern mexico and across the east and west of the continent 1 the area of its origin remains unclear though the development of fluted clovis points appears to have occurred in north america south of the laurentide ice sheet and not in beringia the clovis culture may have originated from the dyuktai lithic style widespread in beringia while some authors have suggested that the clovis culture resulted from diffusion of traditions through an already pre existing paleoindian population others have asserted that the culture likely originated from the expansion of a single population 3 in western north america the clovis culture was contemporaneous with and perhaps preceded by the western stemmed tradition which produced unfluted projectile points 75 with the western stemmed tradition continuing in the region for several thousand years after the end of clovis 84 the end of the clovis culture may have been driven by the decline of the megafauna that the clovis hunted as well as decreasing mobility resulting in local differentiation of lithic and cultural traditions across north america 15 this is generally considered to be the result of normal cultural change through time 15 20 there is no evidence that the disappearance of the clovis culture was the result of the onset of the younger dryas or that there was a population decline of paleoindians following the end of the clovis culture 85 the clovis culture was succeeded by various regional point styles such as the folsom tradition in central north america 16 the cumberland point in mid southern north america 17 the suwannee and simpson points in the southeast 18 and the gainey points in the northeast great lakes region 19 the clovis and folsom traditions may have overlapped perhaps for around 80 400 years 20 a number of authors have suggested that the clovis culture is ancestral to other fluted point producing cultures in central and south america like the widespread fishtail or fell point style 22 see also edit early human migrations peopling of the americas alternatives to the clovis first theory notes edit fluted having a flake removed from the base either on one or both sides lanceolate tapering to a point at one end like the head of a lance references edit 1 2 3 4 5 waters michael r stafford thomas w carlson david l october 23 2020 the age of clovis 13 050 to 12 750 cal yr b p science advances 6 43 eaaz0455 bibcode 2020scia 6 455w doi 10 1126 sciadv aaz0455 issn 2375 2548 pmc 7577710 pmid 33087355 boldurian anthony t january 2008 clovis type site blackwater draw new mexico a history 1929 2009 north american archaeologist 29 1 65 89 doi 10 2190 na 29 1 d issn 0197 6931 1 2 morrow juliet e april 3 2019 on fluted point morphometrics cladistics and the origins of the clovis culture paleoamerica 5 2 191 205 doi 10 1080 20555563 2019 1618179 issn 2055 5563 1 2 3 4 schroedl alan r april 3 2021 the geographic origin of clovis technology insights from clovis biface caches plains anthropologist 66 258 120 148 doi 10 1080 00320447 2021 1888188 issn 0032 0447 ellis christopher july 2013 clovis lithic technology the devil is in the details reviews in anthropology 42 3 127 160 doi 10 1080 00938157 2013 817867 issn 0093 8157 s2cid 161844234 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 thomas a jennings and ashley m smallwood the clovis record the saa archaeological record may 2019 volume 19 number 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 waguespack nicole m surovell todd a april 2003 clovis hunting strategies or how to make out on plentiful resources american antiquity 68 2 333 352 doi 10 2307 3557083 issn 0002 7316 jstor 3557083 1 2 sanchez guadalupe holliday vance t gaines edmund p arroyo cabrales joaquín martínez tagüeña natalia kowler andrew lange todd hodgins gregory w l mentzer susan m july 29 2014 human clovis gomphothere cuvieronius sp association 13 390 calibrated ybp in sonora mexico proceedings of the national academy of sciences 111 30 10972 10977 bibcode 2014pnas 11110972s doi 10 1073 pnas 1404546111 issn 0027 8424 pmc 4121807 pmid 25024193 owsley douglas w hunt david may 2001 clovis and early archaic crania from the anzick site 24pa506 park county montana plains anthropologist 46 176 115 124 doi 10 1080 2052546 2001 11932062 s2cid 159572593 new rdiocarbon dates for the anzick clovis burial by juliet e morrow and stuart j fiedel in paleoindian archaeology edited by j e morrow and c g gnecco university press of florida gainesville 1 2 raff jennifer february 8 2022 a genetic chronicle of the first peoples in the americas sapiens retrieved october 9 2022 raff j a bolnick d a february 13 2014 palaeogenomics genetic roots of the first americans nature 506 7487 162 163 bibcode 2014natur 506 162r doi 10 1038 506162a pmid 24522593 s2cid 4445278 1 2 3 4 rasmussen m anzick s l waters m r skoglund p degiorgio m stafford t w rasmussen s moltke i albrechtsen a doyle s m poznik g d gudmundsdottir v yadav r malaspinas a s white s s allentoft m e cornejo o e tambets k eriksson a heintzman p d karmin m korneliussen t s meltzer d j pierre t l stenderup j saag l warmuth v m lopes m c malhi r s brunak s r sicheritz ponten t barnes i collins m orlando l balloux f manica a gupta r metspalu m bustamante c d jakobsson m nielsen r willerslev e february 13 2014 the genome of a late pleistocene human from a clovis burial site in western montana nature 506 7487 225 229 bibcode 2014natur 506 225r doi 10 1038 nature13025 pmc 4878442 pmid 24522598 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 eren metin i story brett perrone alyssa bebber michelle hamilton marcus walker robert buchanan briggs october 1 2020 north american clovis point form and performance an experimental assessment of penetration depth lithic technology 45 4 263 282 doi 10 1080 01977261 2020 1794358 issn 0197 7261 1 2 3 4 haynes gary 2002 the early settlement of north america the clovis era new york cambridge university press p 52 isbn 978 0 521 52463 6 1 2 3 surovell todd a boyd joshua r haynes c vance 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radiocarbon records indicates a 200 year multigenerational transition american antiquity 87 3 567 580 doi 10 1017 aaq 2021 153 issn 0002 7316 potter ben a chatters james c prentiss anna marie fiedel stuart j haynes gary kelly robert l kilby j david lanoë françois holland lulewicz jacob miller d shane morrow juliet e perri angela r rademaker kurt m reuther joshua d ritchison brandon t january 2 2022 current understanding of the earliest human occupations in the americas evaluation of becerra valdivia and higham 2020 paleoamerica 8 1 62 76 doi 10 1080 20555563 2021 1978721 issn 2055 5563 s2cid 239834259 1 2 fiedel stuart j july 2017 the anzick genome proves clovis is first after all quaternary international 444 4 9 bibcode 2017quint 444 4f doi 10 1016 j quaint 2017 06 022 america s stone age explorers nova pbs tv 2004 mann charles c 2005 1491 new revelations of the americas before columbus knopf isbn 978 1 4000 4006 3 oclc 56632601 heffner edward h blegen elizabeth pierce burrows millar 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brien michael j coll...