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code of law wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 history 2 civil code 3 criminal code 4 see also 5 references 6 external links toggle the table of contents code of law 48 languages العربية azərbaycanca беларуская тарашкевіца беларуская български català čeština deutsch esperanto español فارسی suomi français galego हिन्दी hrvatski magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia ido italiano 日本語 ქართული қазақша 한국어 кыргызча lietuvių malagasy polski română руски русский саха тыла srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenčina slovenščina српски srpski svenska тоҷикӣ ไทย türkçe українська oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tiếng việt isixhosa მარგალური 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia legislation that purports to cover a complete system of laws this article is about exhaustive legislations for municipal regulations see legal code municipal for the television series see code of law first page of the 1804 original edition of the napoleonic code a code of law also called a law code or legal code is a systematic collection of statutes it is a type of legislation that purports to exhaustively cover a complete system of laws or a particular area of law as it existed at the time the code was enacted by a process of codification 1 though the process and motivations for codification are similar in different common law and civil law systems their usage is different in a civil law country a code of law typically exhaustively covers the complete system of law such as civil law or criminal law further explanation needed by contrast in a common law country with legislative practices in the english tradition codes modify the existing common law only to the extent of its express or implicit provision but otherwise leaves the common law intact in the united states and other common law countries that have adopted similar legislative practices a code of law is a standing body of statute law on a particular area which is added to subtracted from or otherwise modified by individual legislative enactments history edit see also list of ancient legal codes the legal code was a common feature of the legal systems of the ancient middle east tablets discovered in the ancient city of ebla tell mardikh in modern day syria provide the earliest known evidence of a law code dating back to 2400 bc 2 3 in addition the urukagina law code 2380 2360 bc 4 the sumerian code of ur nammu c 2100 2050 bc the code of eshnunna approximately 100 years before lipit ishtar 5 6 the code of lipit ishtar 1934 1924 bc 7 and the babylonian code of hammurabi c 1760 bc are among the earliest and best preserved legal codes 8 originating from sumer mesopotamia now iraq in the roman empire a number of codes were developed such as the twelve tables of roman law first compiled in 450 bc and the corpus juris civilis of justinian also known as the justinian code 429 534 ad however these law codes did not exhaustively describe the roman legal system the twelve tables were limited in scope and most legal doctrines were developed by the pontifices who interpreted the tables to deal with situations far beyond what is contained therein the justinian code collected together existing legal material at the time in ancient china the first comprehensive criminal code was the tang code created in 624 ad in the tang dynasty this and subsequent imperial codes formed the basis for the penal system of both china and other east asian states under its cultural influence the last and best preserved imperial code is the great qing legal code created in 1644 upon the founding of the qing dynasty this code was the exclusive and exhaustive statement of chinese law between 1644 and 1912 though it was in form a criminal code large parts of the code dealt with civil law matters and the settlement of civil disputes the code ceased its operation upon the fall of the qing dynasty in 1912 but significant provisions remained in operation in hong kong until well into the 1970s due to a peculiar interaction between it and the british common law system in europe roman law especially the corpus juris civilis became the basis of the legal systems of many countries roman law was either adopted by legislation becoming positive law or through processing by jurists the accepted roman law is usually then codified and forms part of the central code the codification movement gathered pace after the rise of nation states after the treaty of westphalia prominent national civil codes include the french napoleonic code code civil of 1804 the austrian civil code allgemeines bürgerliches gesetzbuch of 1812 the german civil code bürgerliches gesetzbuch of 1900 and the swiss codes the european codifications of the 1800s influenced the codification of catholic canon law 9 resulting in the 1917 code of canon law which was replaced by the 1983 code of canon law and whose eastern counterpart is the code of canons of the eastern churches meanwhile african civilizations developed their own legal traditions sometimes codifying them through consistent oral tradition as illustrated e g by the kouroukan fouga a charter proclaimed by the mali empire in 1222 1236 enumerating regulations in both constitutional and civil matters and transmitted to this day by griots under oath 10 the continental civil law tradition spread around the world along with european cultural and military dominance in recent centuries during the meiji restoration japan adopted a new civil code 1898 based primarily on the french civil code and influenced by the german code after the xinhai revolution of 1911 in china the new republic of china government abandoned the imperial code tradition and instead adopted a new civil code strongly influenced by the german bürgerliches gesetzbuch and also influenced by the japanese code this new tradition has been largely maintained in the legal system of the people s republic of china since 1949 meanwhile codifications also became more common in common law systems for example a criminal code is found in a number of common law jurisdictions in australia and the americas and continues to be debated in england in the americas the influence of continental legal codes has manifested itself in two ways in civil law jurisdictions legal codes in the continental tradition are common in common law jurisdictions however there has been a strong trend towards codification citation needed the result of such codification however is not always a legal code as found in civil law jurisdictions for example the california civil code largely codifies common law doctrine and is very different in form and content from all other civil codes civil code edit a civil code typically forms the core of civil law systems the legal code typically covers exhaustively the entire system of private law criminal code edit a criminal code or penal code is a common feature in many legal systems codification of the criminal law allows the criminal law to be more accessible and more democratically made and amended see also edit code cryptography genetic code language legal code municipal list of national legal systems source code visigothic code references edit chisholm hugh ed 1911 code encyclopædia britannica vol 6 11th ed cambridge university press pp 632 634 law code ancient legal systems modern legislation britannica retrieved 2023 12 08 kuiper kathleen 2010 08 15 mesopotamia the world s earliest civilization the rosen publishing group inc isbn 978 1 61530 112 6 wilkin stanley june 2019 mesopotamian law codes the human roots of moses s laws research gate doi 10 13140 rg 2 2 34598 78408 archived from the original on jul 13 2023 basim fuad musallam summer 1965 law and authority in ancient mesopotamia pdf aub scholarworks archived pdf from the original on jul 13 2023 yaron reuven 1988 the laws of eshnunna noor library archived from the original on jul 13 2023 the code of lipit ishtar by francis r steele 1948 www toaz info cuneiform law legal body encyclopedia britannica retrieved 2020 05 26 peters edward n master page on the pio benedictine code of 1917 canonlaw info retrieved july 15 2014 la première déclaration des droits de l homme est africaine africamix blog lemonde fr september 7 2008 archived from the original on 2009 03 30 retrieved 2009 03 27 van gulik r h crime and punishment in ancient china the tang yin pi shih orchid press 2007 isbn 9745240915 isbn 978 974 524 091 9 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to legal codes codex iustinianus site the roman law library code of laws of the united states of america us code law cornell edu napoleonic code napoleon series org contemporary french law codes legifrance gouv fr louisiana civil code legis state la us connecticut general statutes 2013 ed cga ct gov v t e law core subjects administrative law civil law constitutional law contract criminal law crime deed doctrine equity evidence international law law of obligations private law procedure civil criminal property law public law punishment capital corporal restitution and unjust enrichment statutory law tort disciplines abortion law agricultural law animal law aviation law amnesty law banking law bankruptcy commercial law competition law conflict of laws construction law consumer protection corporate law cyberlaw drugs law election law energy law entertainment law environmental law family law financial law financial regulation health law public health global health immigration law intellectual property international criminal law international labour law international human rights international slavery laws international trade law jurimetrics labour landlord tenant law law of war legal archaeology legal fiction maritime law marriage law military law music law nationality law probate estate will and testament product liability public international law refugee law space law sports law state of emergency tax law transport law trust law unenforced law sources of law charter legal code statutory law constitution custom divine law divine right human rights legitimacy letters patent man made law natural law natural and legal rights case law precedent law reports legal treatise regulations law making ballot measure codification decree edict executive order proclamation legislation delegated legislation regulation reform rulemaking promulgation ratification repeal treaty concordat statutory law statute act of parliament act of congress basic structure doctrine legal systems civil law common law chinese law legal pluralism religious law canon law catholic canon law hindu law jain law jewish law parsi law sharia roman law byzantine law socialist law statutory law xeer yassa legal theory anarchist contract theory comparative law expressive function feminist law and economics legal ethics legal formalism history libertarian international legal theory principle of legality principle of typicality pseudolaw rule of law rule of man sociology jurisprudence adjudication administration of justice admission to practice law constitutionalism criminal justice court martial disbarment dispute resolution fiqh lawsuit litigation legal opinion legal remedy damages deterrence penology proportionality reparations legal status judge justice of the peace magistrate judgment judicial activism judicial interpretation judicial misconduct kangaroo court judicial review jurisdiction jury justice practice of law attorney barrister counsel lawyer legal representation prosecutor solicitor question of fact question of law trial trial advocacy trier of fact ultra vires verdict legal institutions barristers chambers bureaucracy the bar the bench civil society court ecclesiastical court of equity election commission executive judiciary law enforcement agency legal education law school legal industry by country legislature military police political party tribunal history history of the legal profession history of the american legal profession women in law law portal category index outline v t e legal codes by country contemporary canada philippines united states obsolete danish code 1683 norwegian code 1687 authority control databases international gnd fast other yale lux retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title code_of_law oldid 1368509450 categories legal codes civil law legal system sources of law hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 encyclopaedia britannica with wikisource reference wikipedia articles needing clarification from may 2024 all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from october 2022 commons category link is on wikidata this page was last edited on 9 august 2026 at 13 23 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents code of law 48 languages add topic