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coding conventions wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 software maintenance toggle software maintenance subsection 1 1 quality 1 1 1 coding standards 1 1 2 reduction of complexity 1 2 refactoring 2 task automation 3 language factors 4 common conventions 5 see also 6 references toggle the table of contents coding conventions 12 languages العربية български čeština español فارسی suomi français עברית magyar polski தமிழ் українська edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects mediawiki wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia standards and guidelines for writing code this article includes a list of general references but lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations april 2021 learn how and when to remove this message part of a series on software development core activities data modeling processes requirements design construction engineering testing debugging deployment maintenance paradigms models agile cleanroom incremental prototyping spiral v model waterfall methodologies frameworks asd dad devops dsdm fdd iid kanban lean sd less mde msf psp rad rup safe scrum semat tdd tsp up xp supporting disciplines configuration management deployment management documentation project management quality assurance user experience practices atdd bdd cco cd ci ddd pp sbe stand up tdd xp tools build automation compiler debugger gui builder ide infrastructure as code profiler release automation uml modeling standards bodies of knowledge cmmi ieee standards ireb iso 9001 iso iec standards itil omg pmbok swebok glossaries artificial intelligence computer science electrical and electronics engineering outlines software development computer programming programming languages c c c java javascript perl python rust v t e source code in bash coding conventions are a set of guidelines for a specific programming language that recommend programming style practices and methods for each aspect of a program written in that language these conventions usually cover file organization indentation comments declarations statements white space naming conventions programming practices programming principles programming rules of thumb architectural best practices etc these are guidelines for software structural quality software programmers are highly recommended to follow these guidelines to help improve the readability of their source code and make software maintenance easier coding conventions are only applicable to the human maintainers and peer reviewers of a software project conventions may be formalized in a documented set of rules that an entire team or company follows 1 or may be as informal as the habitual coding practices of an individual coding conventions are not enforced by compilers software maintenance edit reducing the cost of software maintenance is the most often cited reason for following coding conventions in the introductory section on code conventions for the java programming language sun microsystems offers the following reasoning 2 code conventions are important to programmers for a number of reasons 40 80 of the lifetime cost of a piece of software goes to maintenance 3 hardly any software is maintained for its whole life by the original author code conventions improve the readability of the software allowing engineers to understand new code more quickly and thoroughly if you ship your source code as a product you need to make sure it is as well packaged and clean as any other product you create quality edit software peer review frequently involves reading source code this type of peer review is primarily a defect detection activity by definition only the original author of a piece of code has read the source file before the code is submitted for review code that is written using consistent guidelines is easier for other reviewers to understand and assimilate improving the efficacy of the defect detection process even for the original author consistently coded software eases maintainability there is no guarantee that an individual will remember the precise rationale for why a particular piece of code was written in a certain way long after the code was originally written coding conventions can help consistent use of whitespace improves readability and reduces the time it takes to understand the software coding standards edit where coding conventions have been specifically designed to produce high quality code and have then been formally adopted they then become coding standards specific styles irrespective of whether they are commonly adopted do not automatically produce good quality code reduction of complexity edit complexity is a factor going against security 4 the management of complexity includes the following basic principle minimize the amount of code written during the project development this prevents unnecessary work which prevents unnecessary cost both upfront and downstream this is simply because if there is less code it is less work not only to create the application but also to maintain it complexity is managed both at the design stage how the project is architectured and at the development stage by having simpler code if the coding is kept basic and simple then the complexity will be minimised very often this is keeping the coding as physical as possible coding in a manner that is very direct and not highly abstract this produces optimal code that is easy to read and follow complexity can also be avoided simply by not using complicated tools for simple jobs the more complex the code is the more likely it is to be buggy the more difficult the bugs are to find and the more likely there are to be hidden bugs refactoring edit refactoring refers to a software maintenance activity where source code is modified to improve readability or improve its structure software is often refactored to bring it into conformance with a team s stated coding standards after its initial release any change that does not alter the behavior of the software can be considered refactoring common refactoring activities are changing variable names renaming methods moving methods or whole classes and breaking large methods or functions into smaller ones agile software development methodologies plan for regular or even continuous refactoring making it an integral part of the team software development process 5 task automation edit coding conventions allow programmers to have simple scripts or programs whose job is to process source code for some purpose other than compiling it into an executable it is common practice to count the software size source lines of code to track current project progress or establish a baseline for future project estimates consistent coding standards can in turn make the measurements more consistent special tags within source code comments are often used to process documentation two notable examples are javadoc and doxygen the tools specify the use of a set of tags but their use within a project is determined by convention coding conventions simplify writing new software whose job is to process existing software use of static code analysis has grown consistently since the 1950s some of the growth of this class of development tools stems from increased maturity and sophistication of the practitioners themselves and the modern focus on safety and security but also from the nature of the languages themselves language factors edit all software practitioners must grapple with the problem of organizing and managing a large number of sometimes complex instructions for all but the smallest software projects source code instructions are partitioned into separate files and frequently among many directories it was natural for programmers to collect closely related functions behaviors in the same file and to collect related files into directories as software development shifted from purely procedural programming such as found in fortran towards more object oriented constructs such as found in c it became the practice to write the code for a single public class in a single file the one class per file convention 6 7 java has gone one step further the java compiler returns an error if it finds more than one public class per file a convention in one language may be a requirement in another language conventions also affect individual source files each compiler or interpreter used to process source code is unique the rules a compiler applies to the source creates implicit standards for example python code is much more consistently indented than say perl because whitespace indentation is actually significant to the interpreter python does not use the brace syntax perl uses to delimit functions changes in indentation serve as the delimiters 8 9 tcl which uses a brace syntax similar to perl or c c to delimit functions does not allow the following which seems fairly reasonable to a c programmer set i 0 while i 10 puts i squared expr i i incr i the reason is that in tcl curly braces are not used only to delimit functions as in c or java more generally curly braces are used to group words together into a single argument 10 11 in tcl the word while takes two arguments a condition and an action in the example above while is missing its second argument its action because the tcl also uses the newline character to delimit the end of a command common conventions edit there are a large number of coding conventions see coding style for numerous examples and discussion common coding conventions may cover the following areas comment conventions indent style conventions line length conventions naming conventions programming practices programming principles programming style conventions coding standards include the cert c coding standard misra c high integrity c see also edit comparison of programming languages syntax hungarian notation indent style list of tools for static code analysis list of software development philosophies misra programming style software metrics software quality the power of 10 rules editorconfig references edit editorconfig helps developers define and maintain consistent coding styles between different editors and ides editorconfig code conventions for the java programming language why have code conventions sun microsystems inc 1999 04 20 robert l glass facts and fallacies of software engineering addison wesley 2003 tom gillis complexity is the enemy of security jeffries ron 2001 11 08 what is extreme programming design improvement xp magazine archived from the original on 2006 12 15 hoff todd 2007 01 09 c coding standard naming class files fife coding standards van rossum guido 2006 09 19 fred l drake jr ed python tutorial first steps towards programming python software foundation archived from the original on 2008 09 28 retrieved 2014 08 17 raymond eric 2000 05 01 why python linux journal tcl developer xchange summary of tcl language syntax activestate staplin george peter 2006 07 16 why can i not start a new line before a brace group the tcler s wiki retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title coding_conventions oldid 1378742266 category source code hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata articles lacking in text citations from april 2021 all articles lacking in text citations this page was last edited on 6 october 2026 at 00 14 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents coding conventions 12 languages add topic