Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

sorting, and, collation, contents, ordering, root, radical, stroke, automation, labeling, of, ordered, items, see, also, notes, references, external, links, numerical, chronological, alphabetical, sort, keys, issues, with, numbers,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (135), and (58), for (54), are (45), #collation (38), order (34), this (26), letters (26), with (21), alphabetical (20), strings (20), that (19), example (19), ordering (19), used (18), may (17), sorting (17), edit (17), can (14), sorted (14), when (13), items (13), characters (13), other (13), first (13), which (12), not (12), such (12), algorithm (11), ordered (11), languages (10), use (10), from (10), unicode (10), radical (10), different (9), systems (9), written (9), sort (9), also (9), often (9), numerical (9), before (9), stroke (9), they (9), wikipedia (8), arabic (8), language (8), list (8), standard (8), chinese (8), symbols (8), letter (8), information (8), all (7), conventions (7), character (7), see (7), numbers (7), same (7), article (7), were (7), search (6), text (6), many (6), english (6), alphabet (6), there (6), some (6), any (6), comes (6), case (6), two (6), one (6), shining (6), dictionaries (6), set (6), then (6), words (6), using (5), page (5), links (5), articles (5), names (5), only (5), numerals (5), called (5), given (5), based (5), come (5), would (5), will (5), out (5), treated (5), main (5), toggle (4), contents (4), under (4), non (4), wayback (4), references (4), dictionary (4), sequence (4), certain (4), writing (4), but (4), labeling (4), way (4), method (4), more (4), sometimes (4), application (4), even (4), after (4), keys (4), common (4), data (4), word (4), codes (4), being (4), their (4), these (4), convention (4), system (4), spelled (4), root (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), table (3), view (3), about (3), additional (3), apply (3), containing (3), short (3), retrieved (3), machine (3), archived (3), components (3), specific (3), orders (3), various (3), modern (3), natural (3), together (3), preceding (3), extended (3), modified (3), rules (3), file (3), identifiers (3), purposes (3), another (3), appropriate (3), several (3), than (3), treat (3), question (3), automated (3), basic (3), ascii (3), most (3), automation (3), listed (3), compared (3), radicals (3), primary (3), grouped (3), number (3), library (3), combinations (3), special (3), those (3), represent (3), taken (3), approach (3), second (3), wilson (3), find (3), into (3), classes (3), tools (3), contact (2), privacy (2), policy (2), terms (2), wikimedia (2), foundation (2), commons (2), was (2), last (2), 2026 (2), categories (2), french (2), needing (2), march (2), 2019 (2), description (2), wikidata (2), index (2), title (2), uses (2), locale (2), charts (2), spanish (2), technical (2), free (2), external (2), digital (2), pdf (2), hans (2), wehr (2), jstor (2), uppercase (2), dates (2), notes (2), mac (2), asciibetical (2), purpose (2), enumeration (2), basis (2), pages (2), sections (2), well (2), iii (2), alternative (2), without (2), them (2), roman (2), properly (2), difficult (2), how (2), decimal (2), point (2), desired (2), figure (2), though (2), particularly (2), although (2), issues (2), might (2), above (2), still (2), display (2), stored (2), collating (2), its (2), has (2), german (2), algorithms (2), comparison (2), reference (2), abbreviations (2), possibly (2), through (2), digraphs (2), speaking (2), computer (2), corresponding (2), therefore (2), beginning (2), lower (2), capital (2), ones (2), spaces (2), obvious (2), conversion (2), values (2), process (2), criteria (2), however (2), easy (2), where (2), people (2), surname (2), few (2), result (2), logographic (2), alphabetic (2), kanji (2), japanese (2), syllabary (2), whose (2), identified (2), within (2), meaning (2), six (2), group (2), office (2), have (2), approaches (2), telephone (2), directories (2), following (2), until (2), contain (2), possible (2), alphabetically (2), personal (2), juan (2), hernandes (2), brian (2), leary (2), should (2), saint (2), dividers (2), car (2), park (2), jim (2), appears (2), typically (2), string (2), similar (2), representing (2), chronological (2), element (2), done (2), elements (2), useful (2), item (2), defines (2), defined (2), total (2), assembly (2), books (2), learn (2), help (2), sources (2), citations (2), sortkey (2), here (2), appearance (2), upload (2), changes (2), history (2), read (2), subsection (2), log (2), create (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, conduct, legal, safety, contacts, disclaimers, available, site, you, agree, registered, trademark, profit, organization, inc, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, edited, september, utc, hidden, webarchive, template, category, https, org, php, oldid, 1374526854, online, demonstration, 2008, international, icu, explorer, demonstrating, operating, dbms, proposed, module, cascading, style, sheets, typographical, august, 2005, member, states, united, nations, 2006, look, wiktionary, alphabetization, richard, walters, press, 1997, programming, comprehensive, guide, japan, marugoto, starter, rikai, vocabulary, 2023, ejtaal, net, abu, haidar, 1983, review, 353, 615409, 0041, 977x, issn, 1017, s0041977x00079040, doi, 351, bulletin, school, oriental, african, studies, university, london, historically, computers, handled, back, telegraph, equivalence, taxonomic, modifying, usually, omitted, latin, script, consonant, russian, contexts, much, establishing, means, already, chapters, like, lists, frequently, numbered, series, include, ordinary, indicating, numbering, bulleted, decimals, bit, because, locales, separator, section, universal, answer, dependent, embedded, proper, goes, 11a, behavior, produce, long, integers, slow, down, significantly, does, underlying, microsoft, windows, applications, collated, differ, displayed, sets, collection, composed, adapted, tailoring, default, tailorings, collected, repository, problems, nonetheless, encompass, between, while, placing, öbür, oyun, turkish, olfaktorisch, offenbar, ökonomisch, assumed, serve, correct, dealing, differently, cased, particular, mentioned, detail, potentially, quite, complex, requiring, passes, simplest, kind, coding, increasing, accordance, principles, mathematically, program, 100, etc, deviates, due, treatment, applied, alterations, historical, reasons, note, lexicographical, supersets, become, necessary, implement, allows, satisfactory, manner, aim, achieve, follows, described, automate, addition, greater, china, official, documents, hierarchy, cumbersome, unambiguous, choice, logograph, comprise, separate, clear, cut, supplement, phonetic, logographs, とうきょう, conventional, hiragana, tōkyō, form, thousands, defy, derived, pen, strokes, governs, mother, three, woman, hanzi, bilingual, book, writer, fate, agglomerated, denotes, triliteral, مكتوب, maktūb, مكتب, maktab, مكتبة, maktaba, كاتب, kātib, كتاب, kitāb, كتابة, kitāba, semitic, changed, over, time, older, furthermore, depend, treating, formerly, 1994, now, alphabetized, found, came, seventeen, seventy, vingt, quatre, twenty, four, graphical, forms, movie, seven, se7en, leet, 1337, heures, mans, 1776, very, initial, ignored, just, name, spelt, full, traditional, surnames, prefixes, decision, must, whether, ignore, carbon, carp, carpark, whereas, rule, named, jimbo, limitations, complications, equivalent, lowercase, treatments, computerized, below, decide, initially, earlier, decided, runs, compare, deemed, cart, carthorse, arranging, consisting, principally, relies, existence, limited, alphabets, strict, sense, principle, provided, cherokee, abugida, chronologically, fashion, 000, pure, provide, partial, since, 2e3, 2000, scientific, notation, advantage, makes, fast, user, confirm, absent, automatic, manual, searching, performed, roughly, procedure, unconsciously, advantages, easily, likely, numerically, range, again, sure, sought, interpolation, binary, comparing, deciding, been, put, formally, consequently, produces, identifier, placed, preorder, differs, themselves, necessarily, irrelevant, members, allowing, arrange, class, classification, extensions, thereof, fundamental, catalogs, filing, remove, message, please, unsourced, material, challenged, scholar, newspapers, news, removed, adding, reliable, improve, needs, redirects, usage, sortkeys, science, disambiguation, encyclopedia, projects, printable, version, download, print, export, switch, legacy, parser, get, shortened, url, cite, permanent, link, related, what, general, actions, talk, polski, italiano, français, español, deutsch, čeština, top, recent, community, portal, contribute, random, current, events, navigation, jump, content,

Text of the page (random words):
nglish read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia assembly of written information into a standard order this article is about collation in library information and computer science for other uses see collation disambiguation sortkey redirects here for wikipedia s usage of sortkeys in categories see wp sortkey this article needs more citations please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources collation news newspapers books scholar jstor march 2019 learn how and when to remove this message collation is the assembly of written information into a standard order many systems of collation are based on numerical order or alphabetical order or extensions and combinations thereof collation is a fundamental element of most office filing systems library catalogs and reference books collation differs from classification in that the classes themselves are not necessarily ordered however even if the order of the classes is irrelevant the identifiers of the classes may be members of an ordered set allowing a sorting algorithm to arrange the items by class formally speaking a collation method typically defines a total order on a set of possible identifiers called sort keys which consequently produces a total preorder on the set of items of information items with the same identifier are not placed in any defined order a collation algorithm such as the unicode collation algorithm defines an order through the process of comparing two given character strings and deciding which should come before the other when an order has been defined in this way a sorting algorithm can be used to put a list of any number of items into that order the main advantage of collation is that it makes it fast and easy for a user to find an element in the list or to confirm that it is absent from the list in automatic systems this can be done using a binary search algorithm or interpolation search manual searching may be performed using a roughly similar procedure though this will often be done unconsciously other advantages are that one can easily find the first or last elements on the list most likely to be useful in the case of numerically sorted data or elements in a given range useful again in the case of numerical data and also with alphabetically ordered data when one may be sure of only the first few letters of the sought item or items ordering edit numerical and chronological edit strings representing numbers may be sorted based on the values of the numbers that they represent for example 4 2 5 10 89 30 000 pure application of this method may provide only a partial ordering on the strings since different strings can represent the same number as with 2 and 2 0 or when scientific notation is used 2e3 and 2000 a similar approach may be taken with strings representing dates or other items that can be ordered chronologically or in some other natural fashion alphabetical edit main article alphabetical order alphabetical order is the basis for many systems of collation where items of information are identified by strings consisting principally of letters from an alphabet the ordering of the strings relies on the existence of a standard ordering for the letters of the alphabet in question the system is not limited to alphabets in the strict technical sense languages that use a syllabary or abugida for example cherokee can use the same ordering principle provided there is a set ordering for the symbols used to decide which of two strings comes first in alphabetical order initially their first letters are compared the string whose first letter appears earlier in the alphabet comes first in alphabetical order if the first letters are the same then the second letters are compared and so on until the order is decided if one string runs out of letters to compare then it is deemed to come first for example cart comes before carthorse the result of arranging a set of strings in alphabetical order is that words with the same first letter are grouped together and within such a group words with the same first two letters are grouped together and so on capital letters are typically treated as equivalent to their corresponding lowercase letters for alternative treatments in computerized systems see automated collation below certain limitations complications and special conventions may apply when alphabetical order is used when strings contain spaces or other word dividers the decision must be taken whether to ignore these dividers or to treat them as symbols preceding all other letters of the alphabet for example if the first approach is taken then car park will come after carbon and carp as it would if it were written carpark whereas in the second approach car park will come before those two words the first rule is used in many but not all dictionaries the second in telephone directories so that wilson jim k appears with other people named wilson jim and not after wilson jimbo abbreviations may be treated as if they were spelt out in full for example names containing st short for the english word saint are often ordered as if they were written out as saint there is also a traditional convention in english that surnames beginning mc and m are listed as if those prefixes were written mac strings that represent personal names will often be listed by alphabetical order of surname even if the given name comes first for example juan hernandes and brian o leary should be sorted as hernandes juan and o leary brian even if they are not written this way very common initial words such as the in english are often ignored for sorting purposes so the shining would be sorted as just shining or shining the when some of the strings contain numerals or other non letter characters various approaches are possible sometimes such characters are treated as if they came before or after all the letters of the alphabet another method is for numbers to be sorted alphabetically as they would be spelled for example 1776 would be sorted as if spelled out seventeen seventy six and 24 heures du mans as if spelled vingt quatre french for twenty four when numerals or other symbols are used as special graphical forms of letters as in 1337 for leet or se7en for the movie title seven they may be sorted as if they were those letters languages have different conventions for treating modified letters and certain letter combinations for example in spanish the letter ñ is treated as a basic letter following n and the digraphs ch and ll were formerly until 1994 treated as basic letters following c and l although they are now alphabetized as two letter combinations a list of such conventions for various languages can be found at alphabetical order language specific conventions in several languages the rules have changed over time and so older dictionaries may use a different order than modern ones furthermore collation may depend on use for example german dictionaries and telephone directories use different approaches root sorting edit some arabic dictionaries such as hans wehr s bilingual a dictionary of modern written arabic group and sort arabic words by semitic root 1 for example the words kitāba كتابة writing kitāb كتاب book kātib كاتب writer maktaba مكتبة library maktab مكتب office maktūb مكتوب fate or written are agglomerated under the triliteral root k t b ك ت ب which denotes writing 2 radical and stroke sorting edit see also chinese characters and chinese character orders another form of collation is radical and stroke sorting used for non alphabetic writing systems such as the hanzi of chinese and the kanji of japanese whose thousands of symbols defy ordering by convention in this system common components of characters are identified these are called radicals in chinese and logographic systems derived from chinese characters are then grouped by their primary radical then ordered by number of pen strokes within radicals when there is no obvious radical or more than one radical convention governs which is used for collation for example the chinese character 妈 meaning mother is sorted as a six stroke character under the three stroke primary radical 女 meaning woman the radical and stroke system is cumbersome compared to an alphabetical system in which there are a few characters all unambiguous the choice of which components of a logograph comprise separate radicals and which radical is primary is not clear cut as a result logographic languages often supplement radical and stroke ordering with alphabetic sorting of a phonetic conversion of the logographs for example the kanji word tōkyō 東京 can be sorted as if it were spelled out in the japanese characters of the hiragana syllabary as to u ki yo u とうきょう using the conventional sorting order for these characters 3 in addition chinese characters can also be sorted by stroke based sorting in greater china surname stroke ordering is a convention in some official documents where people s names are listed without hierarchy automation edit when information is stored in digital systems collation may become an automated process it is then necessary to implement an appropriate collation algorithm that allows the information to be sorted in a satisfactory manner for the application in question often the aim will be to achieve an alphabetical or numerical ordering that follows the standard criteria as described in the preceding sections however not all of these criteria are easy to automate 4 the simplest kind of automated collation is based on the numerical codes of the symbols in a character set such as ascii coding or any of its supersets such as unicode with the symbols being ordered in increasing numerical order of their codes and this ordering being extended to strings in accordance with the basic principles of alphabetical ordering mathematically speaking lexicographical ordering so a computer program might treat the characters a b c d and as being ordered c a b d the corresponding ascii codes are 36 a 97 b 98 c 67 and d 100 therefore strings beginning with c m or z would be sorted before strings with lower case a b etc this is sometimes called asciibetical order this deviates from the standard alphabetical order particularly due to the ordering of capital letters before all lower case ones and possibly the treatment of spaces and other non letter characters it is therefore often applied with certain alterations the most obvious being case conversion often to uppercase for historical reasons note 1 before comparison of ascii values in many collation algorithms the comparison is based not on the numerical codes of the characters but with reference to the collating sequence a sequence in which the characters are assumed to come for the purpose of collation as well as other ordering rules appropriate to the given application this can serve to apply the correct conventions used for alphabetical ordering in the language in question dealing properly with differently cased letters modified letters digraphs particular abbreviations and so on as mentioned above under alphabetical order and in detail in the alphabetical order article such algorithms are potentially quite complex possibly requiring several passes through the text 4 problems are nonetheless still common when the algorithm has to encompass more than one language for example in german dictionaries the word ökonomisch comes between offenbar and olfaktorisch while turkish dictionaries treat o and ö as different letters placing oyun before öbür a standard algorithm for collating any collection of strings composed of any standard unicode symbols is the unicode collation algorithm this can be adapted to use the appropriate collation sequence for a given language by tailoring its default collation table several such tailorings are collected in common locale data repository sort keys edit in some applications the strings by which items are collated may differ from the identifiers that are displayed for example the shining might be sorted as shining the see alphabetical order above but it may still be desired to display it as the shining in this case two sets of strings can be stored one for display purposes and another for collation purposes strings used for collation in this way are called sort keys issues with numbers edit sometimes it is desired to order text with embedded numbers using proper numerical order for example figure 7b goes before figure 11a even though 7 comes after 1 in unicode this can be extended to roman numerals this behavior is not particularly difficult to produce as long as only integers are to be sorted although it can slow down sorting significantly for example microsoft windows does this when sorting file names the underlying sort order is called natural sort order sorting decimals properly is a bit more difficult because different locales use different symbols for a decimal point and sometimes the same character used as a decimal point is also used as a separator for example section 3 2 5 there is no universal answer for how to sort such strings any rules are application dependent labeling of ordered items edit in some contexts numbers and letters are used not so much as a basis for establishing an ordering but as a means of labeling items that are already ordered for example pages sections chapters and the like as well as the items of lists are frequently numbered in this way labeling series that may be used include ordinary arabic numerals 1 2 3 roman numerals i ii iii or i ii iii or letters a b c or a b c an alternative method for indicating list items without numbering them is to use a bulleted list when letters of an alphabet are used for this purpose of enumeration there are certain language specific conventions as to which letters are used for example the russian letters ъ and ь which in writing are only used for modifying the preceding consonant and usually also ы й and ё are omitted also in many languages that use extended latin script the modified letters are often not used in enumeration see also edit alphabetical order asciibetical order chinese character orders sorting taxonomic sequence mac and mc together unicode equivalence natural sort order notes edit historically computers only handled text in uppercase this dates back to telegraph conventions references edit abu haidar j a 1983 review of a dictionary of modern written arabic arabic english bulletin of the school of oriental and african studies university of london 46 2 351 353 doi 10 1017 s0041977x00079040 issn 0041 977x jstor 615409 hans wehr arabic english dictionary ejtaal net retrieved...