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nt egyptians as early as 3000 bc and perhaps earlier the archaeological institute of america reports 7 that the earliest dated ship dating to 3000 bc 8 may have belonged to the pharaoh aha 8 phoenician and carthaginian colonies edit see also phoenicia important cities and colonies the phoenicians were the major trading power in the mediterranean in the early part of the first millennium bc they had trading contacts in egypt and greece and established colonies as far west as modern spain at gadir modern cádiz and modern morocco at tingis and mogador from spain and morocco the phoenicians controlled access to the atlantic ocean and the trade routes to britain and senegal the most famous and successful of phoenician colonies was founded by settlers from tyre in 814 813 bc and called kart hadasht qart ḥadašt 9 literally new town 10 known in english as carthage the carthaginians later founded their own colonies in the western mediterranean notably a colony in southeast spain carthago nova which was eventually conquered by their enemy rome according to maría eugenia aubet professor of archaeology at the pompeu fabra university barcelona the earliest presence of phoenician material in the west is documented within the precinct of the ancient city of huelva spain the high proportion of phoenician pottery among the new material found in 1997 in the plaza de las monjas in huelva argues in favour not of a few first sporadic contacts in the zone but of a regular presence of phoenician people from the start of the ninth century bc the recent radiocarbon dates from the earliest levels in carthage situate the founding of this tyrian colony in the years 835 800 cal bc which coincides with the dates handed down by flavius josephus and timeus for the founding of the city 11 sabaeans and the horn of africa edit main article sabaeans in the horn of africa see also dʿmt and sheba horn of africa the nature of the origins of dʿmt founded c 800 bce around ethiopia s tigray region regarding the role played by sabaeans from sheba in south arabia continues to be debated by historians 12 13 90 94 evidence of strong sabaean influence includes sabaic inscriptions and sabaean temples as of 2017 scholars of south arabian archaeology and epigraphy tended to favour a migration and or colonisation while scholars of african archaeology tended to stress an indigenous origin 14 however writing in 2025 alfredo gonzález ruibal es said that idea of colonisation as such has been discarded 15 in 2019 16 sabaean inscriptions were found in somaliland and puntland as well as a sabaean temple whose inscriptions say its construction was ordered by the admiral of sheba s fleet gonzález ruibal said we can perhaps discern two different models a proper colonialist one along the northern somali seaboard with direct intervention of the state and aimed at the extraction of resources and a diasporic model in the northern horn led by élites who soon mixed with local people while maintaining ties with their ancestral homeland 15 ancient greek colonies edit main articles iron age greek migrations and greek colonisation see also greeks in pre roman gaul emporion magna graecia greeks in pre roman crimea and pontic greeks ruins of a peristyle home from the greek period of empúries catalonia spain in ancient greece a defeated people would sometimes found a colony leaving their homes to escape the subjugation of a foreign enemy sometimes colonies formed as a result of civil disorder where the losers in internecine battles left to form a new city elsewhere sometimes they would form to relieve population pressure and thereby to avoid internal unrest and also as a result of ostracism in most cases however colony founders aimed to establish trade relations with foreign areas and to further the wealth of the metropolis citation needed colonies were established in ionia and thrace as early as the 8th century bc 17 more than thirty greek city states had multiple colonies dotted all across the mediterranean world from the late 9th to the 5th century bc the most active colony founding city miletus of the ionian league spawned more than 60 colonies 18 encompassing the shores of the black sea in the east the iberian peninsula in the west magna graecia present day southern italy and several colonies on the libyan coast of northern africa 19 greeks founded two similar types of colony the apoikía ἀποικία from ἀπό apó away from οἶκος oîkos home pl ἀποικίαι apoikiai an independent city state the emporion ἐμπόριov pl ἐμπόρια emporia a trading colony greek city states began to establish colonies between 900 20 and 800 bc the first two were al mina on the syrian coast and the greek emporium pithecusae at ischia in the bay of naples both established about 800 bc by euboeans 21 ancient greek colonies of the black sea 8th 3rd century bc in the great greek colonization two new waves of colonists set out from greece between the dark ages and the start of the archaic period the first in the early 8th century bc and the second in the 6th century bc 22 population growth and cramped conditions at home seem an insufficient explanation for these migrations while the economic and political dynamics produced by the competition between the frequently leaderless greek city states newly introduced as a concept and striving to expand their spheres of economic influence better fits as their likely incentive citation needed by means of this greek expansion the use of coins flourished throughout the mediterranean basin citation needed influential greek colonies in the western mediterranean many in present day southern italy included cyme rhegion frounded from chalcis and zancle c 8th century syracuse from corinth and tenea c 734 bc naxos from chalcis c 734 bc massalia marseille c 598 bc and agathe shortly after massalia from phocaea hyele in italy and emporion in spain from phocaea and massalia c 540 bc and early 6th century antipolis in france from achaea alalia in corsica from phocaea and massalia c 545 bc and cyrene cyrenaica libya from thera 762 61 and 632 31 bc 23 the greeks also colonised the crimea in the black sea the settlements they established there included the city of chersonesos modern sevastopol 24 another area with significant greek colonies was the coast of ancient illyria on the adriatic sea e g aspalathos modern split croatia cicero remarks on the extensive greek colonization noting that indeed it seems as if the lands of the barbarians had been bordered round with a greek sea coast 25 several formulae generally shaped the solemn and sacred occasions when a new colony set forth if a greek city decided to send out a colony the citizenry almost invariably consulted an oracle such as the oracle of delphi beforehand sometimes certain classes of citizens were called upon to take part in the enterprises sometimes one son was chosen by lot from every house where there were several sons and strangers expressing a desire to join were admitted a person of distinction was selected to guide the emigrants and to make the necessary arrangements it was usual to honor these founders as heroes after their death some of the sacred fire was taken from the public hearth in the prytaneum from which the fire on the public hearth of the new city was kindled just as each individual had his private shrines so the new community maintained the worship of its chief domestic deities the colony sending embassies and votive gifts to the mother city s principal festivals for centuries afterwards after the conquests of macedonia and alexander the great in the 4th century bc a further large number of hellenistic colonies were founded ranging from egypt to india greek colonies in anatolia edit by the 15th century bc the mycenaeans had reached rhodes crete cyprus where the legendary teucer allegedly founded the first colony and the shores of anatolia 26 27 in addition greeks settled in ionia and pontus miletus in ionia was an ancient greek city on the west coast of anatolia near the mouth of the meander river in the late bronze age 13th century bc miletus saw the arrival of the carians luwian speakers from south central anatolia later in that century other greeks arrived the city at that time rebelled against the hittite empire after the fall of that empire the city was destroyed in the 12th century bc and starting about 1000 bc was resettled extensively by ionians before the invasion from persia in the middle of the 6th century bc miletus ranked as one of the greatest and wealthiest greek poleis 28 29 over several centuries numerous ancient greek city states were established on the coasts of anatolia greeks began developing western philosophy on the western coast of anatolia pre socratic philosophy 30 page needed thales anaximander anaximenes and diogenes of apollonia were among the renowned philosophers of the milesian school heraclitus lived in ephesus another ancient greek city in ionia 31 32 and anaxagoras came from clazomenae a member of the ionian league all the ancient greek dialects were spoken in anatolia in the various city states and the list of ancient greek theatres in anatolia is one of the longest among all places where the greeks settled greeks traditionally lived in the region of pontus on the south shores of the black sea and in the pontic alps in northeastern anatolia in the area of the present day province of kars in the caucasus and also in georgia those from southern russia ukraine and crimea are often referred to as northern pontic greeks in contrast to those from south pontus which strictly speaking is pontus proper those from georgia northeastern anatolia and the ones who lived in present day armenia are often referred to as eastern pontic greeks or caucasus greeks many greek founded colonies are well known cities to this day sinope and trabzon greek τραπεζοῦς trapezous were founded by milesian traders 756 bc as well as samsun rize and amasra greek was the lingua franca of anatolia from the conquests of alexander the great up to the invasion of the seljuk turks in the eleventh century ad jewish colonies edit the historian josephus states that abraham contrived to settle his sons and grandsons in colonies referring to those of his family descended from keturah 33 during the ptolemaic rule of judea from 301 bc to 198 bc large scale jewish settlement in egypt commenced the hellenistic ptolemies brought in jewish soldiers along with their families while other jews migrated from judea to egypt likely for economic opportunities additionally the ptolemies established jewish colonies in the cities of cyrenaica modern day libya 34 relations of colony and metropolis edit the relation between colony and mother city metropolis was viewed as one of mutual affection differences were resolved peacefully whenever possible war being seen as a last resort note though that the peloponnesian war of 431 404 bc broke out partly due to a dispute between corinth and her colony corcyra the charter of foundation contained general provisions for the arrangement of the affairs of the colony and also some special enactments a colony would usually adopt the constitution of the mother city but the new city remained politically independent the holy fire of the metropolis was preserved in a special place to remind people of the common ties if the colony sent out a fresh colony on its own account the mother city was generally consulted or was at least asked to furnish a leader frequently the colonies declaring their commitment to the various metropolitic alliances formed in the greek mainland and for religious reasons would pay tribute in religious centres such as delphi olympia or delos 35 the cleruchs κληροῦχοι klêrouchoi formed a special class of greek colonists each being assigned an individual plot of land κλῆρος klêros the trade factories set up on foreign shores such as naucratis in egypt were somewhat different from ordinary colonies with the members retaining the right of domicile in their own homeland and confining themselves to their own quarter in the foreign city roman colonies edit main article colonia roman roman colonies as of the mid 2nd century ad augustus roman coloniae in north africa are depicted in red it was an old custom in ancient italy to send out colonies for the purpose of securing new conquests the romans having no standing army used to plant bodies of their own citizens in conquered towns as a kind of garrison these bodies would consist partly of roman citizens usually to the number of three hundred and partly of members of the latin league in larger numbers one third of the conquered territory was taken for the settlers the coloniae civium romanorum colonies of roman citizens were specially intended to secure the two coasts of italy and were hence called coloniae maritimae the far more numerous coloniae latinae served the same purpose for the mainland but they were also inhabited by latins and much more populated the duty of leading the colonists and founding the settlement was entrusted to a commission usually consisting of three members these men continued to stand in the relation of patrons patroni to the colony after its foundation the colonists entered the conquered city in military array preceded by banners and the foundation was celebrated with special solemnities the coloniae were free from taxes and had their own constitution a copy of the roman electing from their own body their senate and other officers of state to this constitution the original inhabitants had to submit the coloniae civium romanorum retained roman citizenship and were free from military service their position as outposts being regarded as an equivalent the members of the coloniae latinae served among the socii the allies and possessed the so called ius latinum or latinitas this secured to them the right of acquiring property the concept of commercium and the right of settlement in rome and under certain conditions the power of becoming roman citizens though in course of time these rights underwent many limitations from the time of the gracchi the colonies lost their military character colonization came to be regarded as a means of providing for the poorest class of the roman plebs after the time of sulla it was adopted as a way of granting land to veteran soldiers the right of founding colonies passed into the hands of the roman emperors during the principate who used it mainly in the provinces for the exclusive purpose of establishing military settlements partly with the old idea of securing conquered territory it was only in exceptional cases that the provincial colonies enjoyed the immunity from taxation which was granted to those in italy 36 chinese colonies edit han dynasty in 87 bc showing the protectorate of the western regions to the west in the tarim basin china at the end of the han dynasty from 189 220 ad imperial china during the han dynasty 202 bc 220 ad extended its rule over what is now much of china proper as we...