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information list of parties to the comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty the treaty was adopted by the united nations general assembly on 10 september 1996 55 it opened for signature in new york on 24 september 1996 55 when it was signed by 71 states including five of the eight then nuclear capable states as of july 2026 update 179 states have ratified the ctbt and another nine states have signed but not ratified it 56 57 the treaty will enter into force 180 days after the 44 states listed in annex 2 of the treaty have ratified it these annex 2 states are states that participated in the ctbt s negotiations between 1994 and 1996 and possessed nuclear power reactors or research reactors at that time 58 as of 2023 update nine annex 2 states have not ratified the treaty china egypt iran israel and the united states have signed but not ratified the treaty india north korea and pakistan have not signed it while russia signed and ratified the treaty but subsequently withdrew its ratification prior to its entry into force 59 monitoring edit geophysical and other technologies are used to monitor for compliance with the treaty forensic seismology hydroacoustics infrasound and radionuclide monitoring 60 the first three forms of monitoring are known as wave form measurements seismic monitoring is performed with a system of 50 primary stations located throughout the world with 120 auxiliary stations in signatory states 61 hydroacoustic monitoring is performed with a system of 11 stations that consist of hydrophone triads to monitor for underwater explosions hydroacoustic stations can use seismometers to measure t waves from possible underwater explosions instead of hydrophones 62 the best measurement of hydroacoustic waves has been found to be at a depth of 1000 m infrasound monitoring relies on changes in atmospheric pressure caused by a possible nuclear explosion with 41 stations certified as of august 2019 one of the biggest concerns with infrasound measurements is noise due to exposure from wind which can affect the sensor s ability to measure if an event occurred together these technologies are used to monitor the ground water and atmosphere for any sign of a nuclear explosion 63 radionuclide monitoring takes the form of either monitoring for radioactive particulates or noble gases as a product of a nuclear explosion 64 radioactive particles emit radiation that can be measured by any of the 80 stations located throughout the world they are created from nuclear explosions that can collect onto the dust that is moved from the explosion 65 if a nuclear explosion took place underground noble gas monitoring can be used to verify whether or not a possible nuclear explosion took place noble gas monitoring relies on measuring increases in radioactive xenon gas different isotopes of xenon include 131m xe 133 xe 133m xe and 135 xe all four monitoring methods make up the international monitoring system ims statistical theories and methods are integral to ctbt monitoring providing confidence in verification analysis once the treaty enters into force on site inspections will be conducted where concerns about compliance arise 66 the preparatory commission for the comprehensive test ban treaty organization ctbto an international organization headquartered in vienna austria was created to build the verification framework including establishment and provisional operation of the network of monitoring stations the creation of an international data centre idc and development of the on site inspection capability 67 the ctbto is responsible for collecting information from the ims and distribute the analyzed and raw data to member states to judge whether or not a nuclear explosion occurred through the idc parameters such as determining the location where a nuclear explosion or test took place is one of the things that the idc can accomplish 68 if a member state chooses to assert that another state had violated the ctbt they can request an on site inspection to take place to verify 69 the monitoring network consists of 337 facilities located all over the globe as of may 2012 more than 260 facilities have been certified the monitoring stations register data that is transmitted to the international data centre in vienna for processing and analysis the data are sent to states that have signed the treaty 70 possible violations edit fission yields edit in 2020 the united states alleged that russia had between 1996 and 2019 carried out an unspecified number of low yield nuclear tests in underground facilities 71 it also alleged that china s 2019 expansion of the lop nur test site would allow similar secret testing 72 73 extremely small fission yields are created during some z pulsed power facility and the national ignition facility experiments see below 74 inertial confinement fusion edit laser driven edit there is a question surrounding whether the experiments of inertial confinement fusion facilities around the world which initiate thermonuclear fusion in small deuterium tritium pellets qualify under the treaty s total ban on the undertaking of all nuclear explosions john nuckolls the livermore scientist credited as one of the pioneers of the field of icf himself described the fusion of less than one milligram of deuterium tritium as an explosion the american national ignition facility the french laser mégajoule and the russian iskra 5 all have a dual use supporting scientific research for both peaceful purposes and for the continual verification and maintenance of their countries thermonuclear weapon stockpile in the 1990s the treaty and especially the zero yield non criticality standard for weapons related fission testing was the impetus for the american stockpile stewardship and management program under this program computational and experimental fusion research facilities were funded for weapon verification including the magnetic confinement z pulsed power facility and the inertial laser implosion omega laser and the 1997 national ignition facility in 1999 the us department of energy in response to concern from senator tom harkin stated nif experiments are not considered nuclear explosions and that the large size of the facilities required to achieve inertial confinement fusion rules out weaponization 75 in 1998 princeton policy researchers published the question of pure fusion explosions under the ctbt they sought a ban on testing above 10 14 neutrons and on the use of tritium which enhances the yield approximately twenty fold versus deuterium deuterium reactions and forms the majority of the fusion yield in boosted and thermonuclear weapons 76 these were not adopted and fusion yield has increased 11 000 times since then in 2022 the nif achieved 3 15 mj and for the first time an energy gain greater than one equivalent to the chemical explosion of 752 grams of tnt or three sticks of dynamite and on a timescale of nanoseconds instead of a chemical explosive s milliseconds this led to increased concern over the status of such experiments under the treaty and the development of pure fusion weapons 75 non laser driven edit in 1992 russian scientists used high explosive implosions to trigger fusion in less than a nanogram of deuterium tritium gas releasing 10 14 neutrons and the energy equivalent of 60 milligrams of tnt 77 experiments on fusion in hypervelocity projectiles dates back to 1980 78 this approach has been demonstrated commercially by the startup company first light fusion the z pulsed power facility has carried out pulsed plasma compression experiments using electrical current and magnetic fields subsequent non signatory nuclear tests edit three countries have tested nuclear weapons since the ctbt opened for signature in 1996 india pakistan and north korea all non signatories india and pakistan both carried out two sets of tests in 1998 north korea carried out six announced tests one each in 2006 2009 2013 two in 2016 and one in 2017 all six north korean tests were picked up by the international monitoring system set up by the comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty organization preparatory commission a north korean test is believed to have taken place in january 2016 evidenced by an artificial earthquake measured as a magnitude 5 1 by the u s geological survey the first successful north korean hydrogen bomb test supposedly took place in september 2017 it was estimated to have an explosive yield of 120 kilotons 79 80 81 82 see also edit international day for the total elimination of nuclear weapons list of weapons of mass destruction treaties comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty organization comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty organization preparatory commission national technical means of verification nuclear disarmament nuclear free zone partial nuclear test ban treaty treaty on the non proliferation of nuclear weapons treaty on the prohibition of nuclear weapons references edit united nations end nuclear tests day history united 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