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used in plant processes for example a refrigerator uses a condenser to get rid of heat extracted from the interior of the unit to the outside air condensers are used in air conditioning industrial chemical processes such as distillation steam power plants and other heat exchange systems the use of cooling water or surrounding air as the coolant is common in many condensers 1 history edit this section needs expansion you can help by adding missing information september 2019 the earliest laboratory condenser a gegenstromkühler counter flow condenser was invented in 1771 by the swedish german chemist christian weigel 2 by the mid 19th century german chemist justus von liebig would provide his own improvements on the preceding designs of weigel and johann friedrich august göttling with the device becoming known as the liebig condenser 3 principle of operation edit a condenser is designed to transfer heat from a working fluid e g water in a steam power plant to a secondary fluid or the surrounding air the condenser relies on the efficient heat transfer that occurs during phase changes in this case during the condensation of a vapor into a liquid the vapor typically enters the condenser at a temperature above that of the secondary fluid as the vapor cools it reaches the saturation temperature condenses into liquid and releases large quantities of latent heat as this process occurs along the condenser the quantity of vapor decreases and the quantity of liquid increases at the outlet of the condenser only liquid remains some condenser designs contain an additional length to subcool this condensed liquid below the saturation temperature 4 countless variations exist in condenser design with design variables including the working fluid the secondary fluid the geometry and the material common secondary fluids include water air refrigerants or phase change materials condensers have two significant design advantages over other cooling technologies heat transfer by latent heat is much more efficient than heat transfer by sensible heat only the temperature of the working fluid stays relatively constant during condensation which maximizes the temperature difference between the working and secondary fluid examples of condensers edit surface condenser edit a surface condenser is one in which condensing medium and vapors are physically separated and used when direct contact is not desired it is a shell and tube heat exchanger installed at the outlet of every steam turbine in thermal power stations commonly the cooling water flows through the tube side and the steam enters the shell side where the condensation occurs on the outside of the heat transfer tubes the condensate drips down and collects at the bottom often in a built in pan called a hotwell the shell side often operates at a vacuum or partial vacuum produced by the difference in specific volume between the steam and condensate conversely the vapor can be fed through the tubes with the coolant water or air flowing around the outside chemistry edit main article condenser laboratory in chemistry a condenser is the apparatus that cools hot vapors causing them to condense into a liquid examples include the liebig condenser graham condenser and allihn condenser this is not to be confused with a condensation reaction which links two fragments into a single molecule by an addition reaction and an elimination reaction in laboratory distillation reflux and rotary evaporators several types of condensers are commonly used the liebig condenser is simply a straight tube within a cooling water jacket and is the simplest and relatively least expensive form of condenser the graham condenser is a spiral tube within a water jacket and the allihn condenser has a series of large and small constrictions on the inside tube each increasing the surface area upon which the vapor constituents may condense being more complex shapes to manufacture these latter types are also more expensive to purchase these three types of condensers are laboratory glassware items since they are typically made of glass commercially available condensers usually are fitted with ground glass joints and come in standard lengths of 100 200 and 400 mm air cooled condensers are unjacketed while water cooled condensers contain a jacket for the water industrial distillation edit larger condensers are also used in industrial scale distillation processes to cool distilled vapor into liquid distillate commonly the coolant flows through the tube side and distilled vapor through the shell side with distillate collecting at or flowing out the bottom air conditioning edit condenser unit for central air conditioning for a typical house rooftop condenser unit fitted on top of an osaka municipal subway 10 series subway carriage april 2008 a condenser unit used in central air conditioning systems typically has a heat exchanger section to cool down and condense incoming refrigerant vapor into liquid a compressor to raise the pressure of the refrigerant and move it along and a fan for blowing outside air through the heat exchanger section to cool the refrigerant inside a typical configuration of such a condenser unit is as follows the heat exchanger section wraps around the sides of the unit with the compressor inside in this heat exchanger section the refrigerant goes through multiple tube passes which are surrounded by heat transfer fins through which cooling air can circulate from outside to inside the unit this also increases the surface area there is a motorized fan inside the condenser unit near the top which is covered by some grating to keep any objects from accidentally falling inside on the fan the fan is used to pull outside cooling air in through the heat exchanger section at the sides and blow it out the top through the grating these condenser units are located on the outside of the building they are trying to cool with tubing between the unit and building one for vapor refrigerant entering and another for liquid refrigerant leaving the unit of course an electric power supply is needed for the compressor and fan inside the unit direct contact edit in a direct contact condenser hot vapor and cool liquid are introduced into a vessel and allowed to mix directly rather than being separated by a barrier such as the wall of a heat exchanger tube the vapor gives up its latent heat and condenses to a liquid while the liquid absorbs this heat and undergoes a temperature rise the entering vapor and liquid typically contain a single condensable substance such as a water spray being used to cool air and adjust its humidity equation edit for an ideal single pass condenser whose coolant has constant density constant heat capacity linear enthalpy over the temperature range perfect cross sectional heat transfer and zero longitudinal heat transfer and whose tubing has constant perimeter constant thickness and constant heat conductivity and whose condensible fluid is perfectly mixed and at a constant temperature the coolant temperature varies along its tube according to θ x t h t x t h t 0 e n t u e h p x m c e g x m c l displaystyle theta x frac t_ h t x t_ h t 0 e ntu e frac hpx dot m c e frac gx dot m cl where x displaystyle x is the distance from the coolant inlet t x displaystyle t x is the coolant temperature and t 0 the coolant temperature at its inlet t h displaystyle t_ h is the hot fluid s temperature n t u displaystyle ntu is the number of transfer units m displaystyle m is the coolant s mass or other flow rate c displaystyle c is the coolant s heat capacity at constant pressure per unit mass or other h displaystyle h is the heat transfer coefficient of the coolant tube p displaystyle p is the perimeter of the coolant tube g displaystyle g is the heat conductance of the coolant tube often denoted u a displaystyle ua l displaystyle l is the length of the coolant tube see also edit condenser laboratory air well condenser references edit wikimedia commons has media related to condensers hindelang man jjhat palazzolo joseph robertson matthew condensers encyclopedia of chemical engineering equipment university of michigan archived from the original on 24 december 2012 weigel christian ehrenfried 1771 christian ehrenfried weigel volume 1 in latin goettingae göttingen aere dieterichiano pp 8 11 retrieved 16 september 2019 liebig justus von poggendorff j c wöhler fr eds 1842 handwörterbuch der reinen und angewandten chemie dictionary of pure and applied chemistry vol 2 in german braunschweig germany friedrich vieweg und sohn article destillation pp 526 554 kays w m london a l january 1984 condensers compact heat exchangers osti osti 6132549 v t e heating ventilation and air conditioning fundamental concepts air changes per hour ach bake out building envelope convection dilution domestic energy consumption enthalpy fluid dynamics gas compressor heat pump and refrigeration cycle heat transfer humidity infiltration latent heat noise control outgassing particulates psychrometrics sensible heat stack effect thermal comfort thermal destratification thermal mass thermodynamics vapour pressure of water technology absorption compression heat pump absorption refrigerator air barrier air conditioning antifreeze automobile air conditioning autonomous building building insulation materials central heating central solar heating chilled beam chilled water constant air volume cav coolant cross ventilation dedicated outdoor air system doas deep water source cooling demand controlled ventilation dcv displacement ventilation district cooling district heating electric heating energy recovery ventilation erv firestop forced air forced air gas free cooling heat recovery ventilation hrv hybrid heat hydronics ice storage air conditioning kitchen ventilation mixed mode ventilation microgeneration passive cooling passive daytime radiative cooling passive house passive ventilation radiant heating and cooling radiant cooling radiant heating radon mitigation raised floor refrigeration renewable heat room air distribution solar air heat solar combisystem solar cooling solar heating thermal insulation thermosiphon underfloor air distribution underfloor heating vapor barrier vapor compression refrigeration vcrs variable air volume vav variable refrigerant flow vrf ventilation water heat recycling components air conditioner inverter air door air filter air handler air ionizer air mixing plenum air purifier air source heat pump attic fan automatic balancing valve back boiler barrier pipe blast damper boiler centrifugal fan ceramic heater chiller condensate pump condenser condensing boiler convection heater compressor cooling tower damper dehumidifier duct economizer electrostatic precipitator evaporative cooler evaporator exhaust hood expansion tank fan fan coil unit fan filter unit fan heater fire damper fireplace fireplace insert freeze stat flue freon fume hood furnace gas compressor gas heater gasoline heater grease duct grille ground coupled heat exchanger ground source heat pump heat exchanger heat pipe heat pump heating film heating system hepa high efficiency glandless circulating pump high pressure cut off switch humidifier infrared heater inverter compressor kerosene heater louver mechanical room oil heater packaged terminal air conditioner plenum space pressurisation ductwork process duct work radiator radiator reflector recuperator refrigerant register reversing valve run around coil sail switch scroll compressor solar chimney solar assisted heat pump space heater smoke canopy smoke damper smoke exhaust ductwork thermal expansion valve thermal wheel thermostatic radiator valve trickle vent trombe wall turboswing turning vanes ultra low particulate air ulpa whole house fan windcatcher wood burning stove zone valve measurement and control air flow meter aquastat bacnet blower door building automation carbon dioxide sensor clean air delivery rate cadr control valve gas detector home energy monitor humidistat hvac control system infrared thermometer intelligent buildings lonworks minimum efficiency reporting value merv normal temperature and pressure ntp opentherm programmable communicating thermostat programmable thermostat psychrometrics room temperature smart thermostat standard temperature and pressure stp thermographic camera thermostat thermostatic radiator valve professions trades and services architectural acoustics architectural engineering architectural technologist building services engineering building information modeling bim deep energy retrofit duct cleaning duct leakage testing environmental engineering hydronic balancing kitchen exhaust cleaning mechanical engineering mechanical electrical and plumbing mold growth assessment and remediation refrigerant reclamation testing adjusting balancing industry organizations ahri amca ashrae astm international bre bsria cibse institute of refrigeration iir leed smacna umc health and safety indoor air quality iaq passive smoking sick building syndrome sbs volatile organic compound voc see also ashrae handbook building science fireproofing glossary of hvac terms warm spaces world refrigeration day template fire protection template home automation template plumbing template solar energy v t e steam engines operating cycle atmospheric watt cornish compound uniflow valves valves slide d slide piston drop corliss poppet sleeve bash valve gear gab stephenson link joy walschaerts allan baker corliss lentz caprotti gresley conjugated southern mechanisms beam cataract centrifugal governor connecting rod crank crankshaft tusi couple hypocycloidal straight line mechanism link chain parallel motion plate chain rotative beam sun and planet gear watt s linkage boilers simple boilers haystack wagon egg ended box flued cornish lancashire fire tube boilers locomotive scotch launch water tube boilers babcock wilcox field tube sentinel stirling thimble tube three drum yarrow boiler feed feedwater heater feedwater pump injector cylinder locomotive oscillating single and double acting condenser condensing steam locomotive jet kirchweger watt s separate pickle pot surface other blowback crosshead cutoff expansion valve hydrolock piston reciprocating engine return connecting rod engine six column beam engine steeple engine safety valve steeple compound engine stroke working fluid history precursors savery engine 1698 newcomen engine newcomen memorial engine 1725 fairbottom bobs 1760 elsecar engine 1795 watt engine beam kinneil engine 1768 old bess 1777 chacewater mine engine 1778 smethwick engine 1779 resolution 1781 rotative beam soho manufactory engine 1782 bradley works engine 1783 whitbread engine 1785 national museum of scotland engine 1786 lap engine 1788 high pressure richard trevithick puffing devil 1801 london steam carriage 1803 coalbrookdale locomotive 1803 pen y darren locomotive 1804 compound woolf s compound engine 1803 murray murray s hypocycloidal engine 1805 salamanca 1812 high speed porter allen 1862 ljungström 1908...