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congener beverages wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 toxic congeners toggle toxic congeners subsection 1 1 fusel alcohols 1 1 1 methanol 2 see also 3 references 4 external links toggle the table of contents congener beverages 3 languages français polski русский edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia non ethanol by products of fermentation in the alcoholic beverage industry congeners are substances produced during fermentation other than the desired type of alcohol ethanol these substances include small amounts of chemicals such as methanol and other alcohols known as fusel alcohols acetone esters and aldehydes e g acetaldehyde congeners are responsible for most of the taste and aroma of distilled alcoholic beverages and contribute to the taste of non distilled drinks 1 brandy rum and red wine have the highest amount of congeners while vodka and beer have the least congeners are the basis of alcohol congener analysis a sub discipline of forensic toxicology that determines what a person drank there is some evidence that high congener drinks induce more severe hangovers 2 3 but the effect is not well studied and is still secondary to the total amount of ethanol consumed 4 toxic congeners edit fusel alcohols edit methanol edit main article moonshine although methanol is not produced in toxic amounts by fermentation of sugars from grain starches 5 it is a major occurrence in fruit spirits 6 however in modern times reducing methanol with the absorption of a molecular sieve is a practical method of production 7 see also edit alcohol drug wine chemistry references edit ingraham john l may 2010 understanding congeners in wine wine business analytics archived from the original on 31 may 2023 retrieved 15 january 2025 whisky effects worse than vodka bbc news 19 december 2009 archived from the original on 23 january 2023 retrieved 30 december 2022 rohsenow d j howland j arnedt j t almeida a b greece j minsky s kempler c s sales s 1 march 2010 intoxication with bourbon versus vodka effects on hangover sleep and next day neurocognitive performance in young adults alcoholism clinical and experimental research 34 3 509 18 doi 10 1111 j 1530 0277 2009 01116 x pmc 3674844 pmid 20028364 rohsenow dj howland j june 2010 the role of beverage congeners in hangover and other residual effects of alcohol intoxication a review current drug abuse reviews 3 2 76 9 doi 10 2174 1874473711003020076 pmid 20712591 retrieved 8 december 2025 distillation some purity considerations moonshine still archived from the original on 27 june 2012 retrieved 5 may 2015 blumenthal p steger mc einfalt d rieke zapp j quintanilla bellucci a sommerfeld k schwarz s lachenmeier dw 28 april 2021 methanol mitigation during manufacturing of fruit spirits with special consideration of novel coffee cherry spirits molecules basel switzerland 26 9 2585 doi 10 3390 molecules26092585 pmc 8125215 pmid 33925245 hui ling ma xiu ping yang ying zuo 15 april 2006 study on method of decreasing methanol in apple pomace spirit food science 27 4 138 142 archived from the original on 5 may 2024 retrieved 8 december 2025 external links edit look up congener in wiktionary the free dictionary relationships of sweetness in lager to selected volatile congeners article by ittipon techakriengkrai alistair paterson and john r piggott v t e alcohol use and control alcohol use alcohol related crimes drunk driving alcohol related traffic crashes in the united states drunk driving in the united states moonshine bathtub gin prison alcohol pájaro verde pruno public intoxication rum running sly grog shop wine fraud alcoholism alcohol and native americans alcoholism in adolescence alcoholism in family systems alcoholism in rural australia collaborative study on the genetics of alcoholism disease theory of alcoholism high functioning alcoholic hfa seeing pink elephants chemistry beverage specific beer chemistry wine chemistry comparison of psychoactive alcohols in alcoholic drinks congener alcohol congener analysis ethanol blood alcohol content fusel alcohol effects short term effects of alcohol consumption long term effects of alcohol pharmacology of ethanol subjective response to alcohol adverse effects anxiety aging brain cancer breast cancer cortisol memory sleep tolerance intolerance weight beverage specific beer potomania wine red wine headache health issues cirrhosis fetal alcohol syndrome social issues adulterated alcohol adulterated moonshine denatured alcohol list of methanol poisoning incidents surrogate alcohol alcohol abuse alcohol advertising on college campuses sex beer goggles alcohol myopia alcohol in association football alcohol use among college students binge drinking austrian syndrome alcohol intoxication epidemiology of binge drinking holiday heart syndrome problematic alcoholic products alcohol powder alcopop borg low cost alcohol flavored fortified wine polysubstance alcoholic drinks caffeinated alcoholic drink coca wine nicotini zapoy blackout blackout wednesday drinking game list pregaming drinking in public drunk walking drunkorexia dry drunk dutch courage flaming drink hair of the dog hurtful communication drunk dialing in vino veritas nightcap pantsdrunk passive drinking binge drinking devices beer bong yard of ale routes of administration alcohol enema alcohol inhalation vodka eyeballing sconcing history andrew johnson alcoholism debate dionysian mysteries dipsomania gilbert paul jordan gin craze list of deaths through alcohol rum ration rum rebellion shebeen six o clock swill illegal drinking establishments nip joint speakeasy whiskey rebellion general alcoholic beverage beer beer mile international beer day international women s collaboration brew day women in brewing drinking culture apéritif and digestif hangover remedies health effects of wine wine and food pairing drunken monkey hypothesis foundation for advancing alcohol responsibility ladies night list of countries by alcohol consumption per capita alcohol consumption by youth in the united states ritual use of alcohol whiskey international whisk e y day alcohol control alcohol law administrative license suspension als alcohol exclusion laws alcohol monopoly alcoholic beverage control state alcohol packaging warning messages ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the united states drunk driving law by country dwi court field sobriety testing hip flask defence ignition interlock device dry county list of dry communities by u s state last call legal drinking age united states shoulder tap list of alcohol laws of us minimum price northern territory of australia scotland wales alcohol prohibition list of countries with alcohol prohibition neo prohibitionism temperance movement sobriety alcohol detoxification alcohol free zone dry campus open container law brief intervention designated driver alcohol rehabilitation drunk tank managed alcohol program non alcoholic drink list of cocktails list of mixed drinks spritzer malt drinks teetotalism temperance bar temperance and good citizenship day twelve step groups al anon alateen alcoholics anonymous aa adult children of alcoholics aca sober companion sober curious sober living house sobering center sobrietol quit lit alcohol limitation 0 0 1 3 alcohol consumption recommendations alcohol education alcohol server training monitoring breathalyzer sweat alcohol content monitor frames campaigns dry january dry july get your sexy back ocsober liquor license low alcohol drinks fermented tea low alcohol beer low alcoholic malt drinks small beer measurement alcoholic spirits measure standard drink addiction medicine benzodiazepines chlordiazepoxide disulfiram like drugs disulfiram calcium carbimide cyanamide general anaesthetics nitrous oxide sulfonic acids acamprosate homotaurine religion and alcohol catholic christian views on alcohol alcohol in the bible islam and alcohol words of wisdom lds history beer street and gin lane bratt system dry state gin act 1751 medicinal liquor prescriptions act of 1933 related index of alcohol related articles alcohol and spaceflight gateway drug effect mood disorder non alcoholic fatty liver disease self medication spins town drunk french paradox category this food ingredient article is a stub you can help wikipedia by adding missing information v t e this 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