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portuguese king afonso iv immediately lodged a protest claiming priority of discovery but conceded to the authority of the pope 13 alfonso xi of castile also protested claiming that by the ancient visigothic dioceses and prior reconquista treaties the islands fell within the castilian jurisdiction and sphere of conquest but nonetheless recognized cerda s title 14 preparations for the cerda expedition were stalled by the opposition of the iberian monarchs despite their formal concessions to cerda s title they did not facilitate the organization of his expedition as a result no expedition to the canary islands was mounted before luis de la cerda s death on 5 july 1348 by the terms of the 1344 contract the lordship of fortuna was set to expire after five years without an expedition although cerda s heirs the counts of medinacelli would later revive their claim majorcan catalan phase edit with cerda out of the picture former parties resumed their adventures however records over the next generation are few and far between there are notices of three further expeditions by majorcans now annexed by aragon since 1344 to the area the famed expedition of jaume ferrer in 1346 aiming to reach the river of gold i e senegal on the african coast but may have touched the canaries on the way the expedition of arnau roger to gran canaria in 1352 and a royal sponsored patrol expedition by joan mora in 1366 there were doubtless many unrecorded expeditions not only by majorcans but also likely by merchants of seville and lisbon these would have been almost wholly of commercial character many with the purpose of capturing native islanders to sell as slaves in european markets citation needed but there was also some peaceful trade with the locals particularly for orchil and dragon s blood which grew wildly on the islands and were much valued as dyes by the european cloth industry canary islands in pizzigani brothers chart 1367 despite the failure of the cerda project the pope did not give up on his hope of converting the natives in 1351 pope clement vi endorsed an expedition by majorcan captains joan doria and jaume segarra with the object of bringing franciscan missionaries including twelve converted canarian natives apparently seized by previous majorcan expeditions to the islands c whether this expedition ever set out is uncertain although it was most probably enveloped in arnau roger s expedition of 1352 apocryphal legend relates the majorcan missionaries succeeded in establishing an evangelizing center at telde on gran canaria until they were massacred by the natives in 1354 to encourage the missionaries at telde the pope had erected the diocese of fortuna in 1351 but this seems to have remained a paper appointment papal interest in the canaries waned following the death of pope clement vi in late 1352 for the next generation there is practically no information about the canary islands it is probable majorcan catalan kept up their commercial interest focused on gran canaria but records are scant the next we hear of the canary islands is in 1366 when king peter iv of aragon commissioned the captain joan mora to patrol the canary islands to assert catalan sovereignty and patrol for interlopers although there was still no project of conquest interest in missionary establishments seemed to pick up again the avignon pope urban v issued a bull in july 1369 erecting the diocese of fortuna and appointing fr bonnant tari as bishop and followed it up with bull of september 1369 instructing the bishops of barcelona and tortosa to dispatch 10 secular and 20 regular clergy to preach to the canarians in their native languages d whether this actually set out or just remained a paper project is also uncertain we have a more reliable record of a majorcan expedition in 1386 carried out by pauperes heremite sponsored by peter iv aragon and pope urban vi although their exact fate is unknown there is a later report that thirteen christian friars who had been preaching in the canaries for seven years were massacred in an uprising during 1391 e at least five missionary expeditions would be sent or at least planned between 1352 and 1386 18 catalan atlas 1375 geographic knowledge of the canary islands coalesced with these expeditions eight of the canary islands including la gomera and el hierro are depicted in the 1367 portolan chart of the brothers domenico and francesco pizzigano a few years later the catalan atlas of 1375 shows the canaries almost completely and accurately mapped only la palma is missing the eleven islands are named in the catalan atlas from east to west as graciosa la graciosa laregranza alegranza rocho roque insula de lanzaroto maloxelo lanzarote insula de li vegi marin lobos forteventura fuerteventura insula de canaria gran canaria insula del infernio tenerife insula de gomera la gomera insula de lo fero el hierro 19 the name tenerefiz is first given alongside infierno in the 1385 libro del conoscimiento portuguese phase edit during the 1370s when portugal and castile were engaged in the dynastic fernandine wars that followed the assassination of peter i of castile portuguese and castilian privateers were dispatched against each other several of which made detours to the canary islands for shelter or slave raiding jaunts citation needed in the first indication of a conquest project since 1344 king ferdinand i of portugal granted in 1370 the islands of lanzarote and la gomera to the adventurer lançarote da franquia believed by some to be none other than the impossibly aged lanceloto malocello f lançarote da franquia made an attempt to seize the islands and is reported to have engaged in fighting with guanches and castilians there by 1376 but it seems the effort at establishing a portuguese foothold faltered after lançarote s death in 1385 g castilian phase edit interest in the canary islands seems to have been principally the province of the majorcan aragonese in the 1340s 60s focused on gran canaria and the portuguese in 1370s 80s focused on lanzarote there are faint references to castilian adventurers before but it is only really after 1390 that interest picked up and castile finally brought its weight to bear in 1390 gonzalo peraza martel lord of almonaster a notable of seville requested permission from king henry iii of castile to conquer the canary islands h the castilian grandee juan alonso de guzmán count of niebla joined his name to the effort five ships were prepared crewed by andalusians from seville and basque adventurers from vizcaya and guipuzcoa and set off from cadiz in 1393 the almonaster expedition sailed through the canary islands examining the coasts of fuerteventura gran canaria hierro gomera and tenerife before finally deciding to land and raid lanzarote the almonaster raid on lanzarote took some 170 native inhabitants captive including the local guanche king and his queen along with plenty of skins wax and dyewood which they sold in seville for a small fortune upon their return to castile almonaster and niebla presented their captives and goods before henry iii and reported that the canary islands were easy to conquer and very profitable this whet the appetites of other adventurers i apocryphal expeditions edit reconstruction of a guanche council there were several other reputed expeditions to the canary islands during the 14th century first reported by fr juan de abreu galindo 1632 some of them in viera y clavijo 1772 drawing primarily from local canarian legends that have since been determined to be apocryphal or confounded with other expeditions j among those deemed purely legendary are a 1360 majorcan expedition of two ships captain unknown alleged in legend to be the same aragonese galleys prepared for cerda back in 1344 upon making landfall at la gomera or gran canaria the europeans were defeated and taken prisoner by the native canarians after a certain period of time living among the canarians possibly a few years the native chieftains secretly decided to kill all the prisoners the entire crew including the clerics two franciscan friars according to abreu de galindo five says viera y clavijo were swiftly rounded up and massacred by the canarians probably confused with 1351 majorcan expedition k a 1372 expedition by fernando de castro galician not his portuguese namesake who also made landing at la gomera after engaging in hostilities castro was defeated by the natives but unlike the 1360 expedition the surviving europeans were magnanimously spared and allowed to embark back to iberia tradition claims that at the behest of the local king amalahuige castro or ormel later left behind his chaplain to convert his people to christianity l the famous tale of the biscayan privateer martín ruiz de avendaño who took shelter on lanzarote in 1377 and during his stay slept with the queen fayna wife of native king zonzamas this liaison produced a daughter ico who went on to marry the next king guanarame and produce a son guadarfia after guanarame s death guadarfia s ascension to the throne was blocked by suspicions that his mother ico avendaño s daughter was not of noble lineage until she was put through a trial by ordeal being smoked in hut and survived m a 1382 ship from seville commanded by francisco lopez wrecked off guinigada gran canaria with 13 survivors they went on to live among the canarian natives until their deaths c 1394 n an expedition in 1385 by hernan peraza a sevillan with a permit from henry iii of castile that raided lanzarote probable confusion with almonaster raid of 1393 24 a 1386 expedition of two ships under the command of fernando de ormel of galician origin but noble in castile and naval officer of john i of castile while patrolling the andalusian coast was caught up in a storm and ended up emerging at la gomera possibly the same as the 1372 expedition of castro 25 a 1399 expedition of gonzalo peraza martel lord of almonastor that raided lanzarote probable confusion with almonaster raid of 1393 26 other legendary traditions include the apparition of the virgin of candelaria in 1392 1393 encountered by two guanche goatherds on the beaches of tenerife 27 conquest edit jean de béthencourt the conquest took place between 1402 and 1496 it was not an easy task militarily given the resistance of the guanche aboriginals in some islands nor was it easy politically given the conflicting interests of the nobility bent on fortifying their economic and political power and the state particularly castile with an interest in reinforcing its own power in competition with the nobles historians identify three distinguishable periods in the conquest of the canaries conquista señorial so called because the conquest was carried out by the nobility for their own ends and without the direct participation of the crown under a pact of vassalage the crown granted the rights to the conquest and in exchange the noblemen swore allegiance to the crown we can distinguish within this period two phases the first is known as the conquista betancuriana o normanda the bethencourt or norman conquest was carried out by jean de bethencourt and gadifer de la salle between 1402 and 1405 and involved the subjugation of lanzarote el hierro and fuerteventura 28 the second phase is known as the conquista señorial castellana and was carried out by castilian nobles whose appropriation of the land was mediated through purchase cession and marriage this phase included the land conquered in the first phase and also the island of la gomera and lasted until 1450 a prominent force in this phase was the peraza family which had managed to consolidate the canary islands under a single unified lordship and seigneury for the reigns of hernán peraza the elder 29 30 31 and his daughter inés peraza 32 though this did not hold conquista realenga this term defines the conquest carried out directly by the kingdom of castile during the reign of the catholic monarchs who armed and part financed the conquest of the islands not yet subjugated gran canaria la palma and tenerife this conquest ended in 1496 with the defeat of tenerife and the integration of the canaries archipelago into the kingdom of castile the conquista realenga took place between 1478 and 1496 norman conquest edit illuminated page from le canarien fr 1490 the first period spanish conquista betancuriana o normanda of the conquest of the canaries was carried out by the norman nobles jean de bethencourt and gadifer de la salle 28 their motives were basically economic bethencourt possessed textile factories and dye works and the canaries offered a source of dyes such as the orchil lichen bethencourt received important political support in the court of king henry iii of castile his uncle robert de bracquemont gained the king s permission for the conquest of the canary islands on behalf of the norman noble in exchange for these rights bethencourt became a vassal of the castilian king robert de bracquemont invested a significant amount in the venture the story of the bethencourt conquest was recorded in the chronicle known as the canarian compiled by two clerics pierre bontier and jean le verrier the original was adapted in two later versions one by gadifer de la salle which appears the more reliable of the two and the other by the nephew of bethencourt maciot de bethencourt 28 conquest of lanzarote edit the norman expedition set off from la rochelle and stopped off in galicia and cádiz before arriving in lanzarote in the summer of 1402 the island s aborigines and their chief guadarfia were unable to resist the invading forces and surrendered the normans established themselves on the south of the island where they constructed a fortress and founded the bishopric of rubicon from this location they attempted an assault on fuerteventura conquest of fuerteventura edit this campaign lasted between 1402 and 1405 the extended duration was not due so much to the resistance of the islanders as to the difficulties and internal divisions between the two captains leading the invaders hunger and a lack of resources forced the expedition to retreat to lanzarote jean de bethencourt then travelled to castile to drum up further support there king enrique iii supplied the necessary measures and the confirmation of bethencourt s exclusive rights to conquer the island thereby marginalising gadifer during bethencourt s absence gadifer had to confront a double rebellion one by a section of his men led by bertín de berneval who had restarted the capture of slaves and the other by the lanzarote guanches who resisted this practice pacifying the island took until 1404 and the conquest of fuerteventura recommenced at the end of that year however the two commanders acted separately each one fortifying his own domain the castles of rico roque and valtarajal the conquest of the island was completed in 1405 with the surrender of the native kings of the island on an unknown date gadifer abandoned the island and returned to france...