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september 2021 p 5 payments out of the fund edit appropriation acts and consolidated fund acts edit parliament gives statutory authority for the government to draw funds from the consolidated fund by acts of parliament known as appropriation acts and consolidated fund acts funds are made available under the acts only for a specified financial year a concept known as annuality although an individual act can cover more than one financial year listing separate amounts for each often a two year period is covered by a consolidated fund act and roughly two or three are passed in each parliamentary year a consolidated fund appropriation bill is brought in and passed at the end of the parliamentary year before the summer recess when passed this is known as the appropriation act and allocates the monies from the consolidated fund to the purposes set out in the main annual departmental expenditure estimates the annual government department budgets known as estimates in the interim period between the start of the financial year and the passing of the appropriation act a process known as votes on account is used to grant to departments up to 45 of the amounts they were allocated in the preceding financial year these votes on account and any necessary changes to departmental budgets supplementary estimates are passed as consolidated fund acts normally twice each year in november and february additional funds may be requested at any time and will either require an additional consolidated fund act or will be included within other legislation the preamble of these supply acts is different from that of most other acts of parliament it currently reads whereas the commons of the united kingdom in parliament assembled have resolved to authorise the use of resources and the issue of sums out of the consolidated fund towards making good the supply which they have granted to her majesty in this session of parliament prior to 2001 4 an older form of wording was used most gracious sovereign we your majesty s most dutiful and loyal subjects the commons of the united kingdom in parliament assembled towards making good the supply which we have cheerfully granted to your majesty in this session of parliament have resolved to grant unto your majesty the sums hereinafter mentioned and do therefore most humbly beseech your majesty that it may be enacted and be it enacted by the queen s most excellent majesty by and with the advice and consent of the lords spiritual and temporal and commons in this present parliament assembled and by the authority of the same as follows this follows the constitutional principle that the crown government demands money the house of commons grants it and the house of lords assents to the grant since the glorious revolution of 1688 only once in 1784 has the commons refused to grant access to funds if money paid from the consolidated fund is not spent by the end of the financial year it must be repaid to the fund grant in aid payments are however excluded from this rule standing services edit certain expenditure is by law charged directly to the consolidated fund and is not subject to parliament s annual budget process ensuring a degree of independence of the government services funded in this way are known as consolidated fund services and include judges salaries the civil list payments the salary of the comptroller and auditor general and the expenses paid to returning officers at elections in the case of the judges this is to ensure the judicial independence introduced by the act of settlement 1701 other modern funds edit the national loans fund is the government s main borrowing and lending account it is closely linked to the consolidated fund which maintains a daily balance of zero by means of a transfer to or from the national loans fund the exchange equalisation account is the government fund holding the uk s reserves of foreign currencies gold and special drawing rights it can be used to manage the value of the pound sterling on international markets the national insurance fund is an account which holds the contributions of the national insurance scheme the contingencies fund is an account which may be used for urgent expenditure in anticipation that the money will be approved by parliament or for small payments that were not included in the year s budget estimates 5 control of the fund edit once parliament has authorised a withdrawal from the consolidated fund the treasury will issue a request to the comptroller for access to the funds granted by parliament 2 comptroller edit the comptroller and auditor general who is also head of the national audit office must authorise each requisition request received by the bank of england from his majesty s treasury to ensure that the request is compliant with the amounts and purposes authorised by parliament in statute the comptroller controls both the consolidated fund and the national loans fund the full official title of the role is comptroller general of the receipt and issue of his majesty s exchequer if funds are mistakenly paid into the consolidated fund then both the comptroller and the treasury must agree to its return once the comptroller is satisfied that all is in order he or she will grant the treasury a credit on the consolidated fund account at the bank of england enabling a payment to be made 2 principal accountants edit payments can only be made from the consolidated fund to one of the principal accountants defined by law these are his majesty s paymaster general the commissioners of his majesty s revenue and customs the national debt commissioners and the chief cashier at the bank of england nowadays the commissioners of hm revenue and customs are the key principal accountants in that they supervise the government banking service which in turn manages transfer payments to other government departments 2 devolved government edit each of the devolved government consolidated funds is held in the name of the paymaster general at the bank of england 6 scotland edit the westminster parliament provides a sum of money annually to provide a budget for the scottish government and fund the operation of the scottish parliament and the salaries for judges of scottish courts this money is transferred from the uk consolidated fund into an account known as the scottish consolidated fund if the income tax varying powers of the scottish parliament were to be used the rate can be changed by plus or minus three percent the additional revenue raised would be paid by hm revenue and customs directly to the scottish consolidated fund if the tax is reduced then the amount paid from the uk consolidated fund in that year would be correspondingly reduced wales edit there is also a welsh consolidated fund to provide a budget for the welsh government and the senedd in addition to the budget provided to the welsh government the expenditures of the welsh national assembly the auditor general for wales and the public services ombudsman for wales are also paid directly from the welsh consolidated fund payments are normally made from the fund following the passing in the assembly of a budget motion or supplementary budget motion proposed by the welsh ministers there are limited exceptions for emergency situations or a failure of the assembly to pass a budget in addition some payments are automatically authorised by law such as the salaries of national assembly officials the auditor general has to authorise all payments out of the welsh consolidated fund to the welsh ministers having checked that the expenditure has been approved by the national assembly northern ireland edit the northern ireland consolidated fund has existed since 1921 australia edit the use of consolidated funds in australian government dates back to colonial times today the australian federal and state governments all maintain their own consolidated funds with authorization for payments required from the relevant parliament commonwealth federal government edit the australian government s consolidated fund is known as the consolidated revenue fund crf the crf is established through sections 81 to 83 of the constitution of australia the constitution gives no guidance as to how the revenues or monies that form the crf are to be kept or accounted for as the crf is said to be self executing that is all money paid to the commonwealth automatically forms part of the crf whether or not it has been credited to a fund or a bank account 7 instead accounting and banking practices pertaining to government funds are established in the public governance performance and accountability act 2013 the act requires that the commonwealth maintains a central bank account with the reserve bank of australia 8 known as the official public account opa 9 the act also allows for non corporate commonwealth entities nces to account for and retain their receipts provided they have legislative and policy authority from the prime minister or cabinet however most money collected by nces is treated as general government revenue that is not retainable and must be remitted to the opa 10 payments into the consolidated revenue fund edit section 81 of the constitution of australia provides that all revenues or moneys raised or received by the executive government of the commonwealth shall form one consolidated revenue fund crf to be appropriated for the purposes of the commonwealth in the manner and subject to the charges and liabilities imposed by this constitution revenues or moneys raised or received includes for instance taxes fines charges levies borrowings loan repayments and money held in trust 7 payments out of the consolidated revenue fund edit section 83 of the australian constitution provides that no money shall be drawn from the treasury of the commonwealth except under an appropriation made by law the treasury of the commonwealth in section 83 is held to be the same thing as the consolidated revenue fund referred to in section 81 so taken together these two sections mean that there must be an appropriation for the purposes of the commonwealth made by law before money may be drawn from the crf 7 section 83 was intended to both safeguard parliament s control over government spending and restrict that expenditure to purposes authorised by the constitution over the years the meaning of for the purposes of the commonwealth has been broadened considerably it has been the subject of several high court battles and remains in contention 11 new south wales edit sections 39 and 40 of the constitution of new south wales require that all revenues loans and other monies collected by the state are to be paid into a single consolidated fund this was originally formed as the consolidated revenue fund in 1855 and was merged with the state s general loan account to be named the consolidated fund from 1982 the consolidated fund of india edit the indian government and each indian state government maintain their own consolidated funds article 266 1 of the constitution of india requires revenues received direct and indirect taxes money borrowed by the government of india and expenses receipts from loans given by the government excluding the exceptional items are part of consolidated fund the comptroller and auditor general of india audits these funds and reports to the relevant legislatures on their management the budget consists of two types of expenditure the expenditure charged upon the consolidated fund of india and the expenditure made from the consolidated fund of india the charged expenditure is non votable by the parliament that is it can only be discussed by the parliament while the other type has to be voted by the parliament the list of the charged expenditure is emoluments and allowances of the president and other expenditure relating to his office salaries and allowances of the chairman and the deputy chairman of the rajya sabha and the speaker and the deputy speaker of the lok sabha salaries allowances and pensions of the judges of the supreme court pensions of the judges of high courts salary allowances and pension of the comptroller and auditor general of india salaries allowances and pension of the chairman and members of the union public service commission administrative expenses of the supreme court the office of the comptroller and auditor general of india and the union public service commission including the salaries allowances and pensions of the persons serving in these offices the debt charges for which the government of india is liable including interest sinking fund charges and redemption charges and other expenditure relating to the raising of loans and the service and redemption of debt any sum required to satisfy any judgment decree or award of any court or arbitral tribunal any other expenditure declared by the parliament to be so charged see also edit contingencies fund own resources central fund equivalent in the republic of ireland external links edit appropriation act 2006 an example of drawing from the fund references edit public income and expenditure part ii london house of commons 1869 p 327 retrieved 18 february 2026 1 2 3 4 5 berkeley a ryan collins j voldsgaard a wilson n september 2025 the self financing state an institutional analysis of government expenditure revenue collection and debt issuance operations in the united kingdom journal of economic issues 59 3 852 880 retrieved 3 march 2026 exchequer and audit departments act 1866 the uk statute law database office of public sector information retrieved 11 may 2010 cite web cs1 maint deprecated archival service link enacting formula erskine may uk parliament retrieved 3 march 2026 contingencies fund act 1974 the uk statute law database office of public sector information retrieved 11 may 2010 permanent dead link part 5 of the government of wales act finance national assembly for wales members research service september 2006 1 2 3 introduction to appropriations australian government department of finance archived from the original on 6 april 2016 retrieved 28 february 2016 pgpa act section 53 australian government department of finance 13 january 2016 archived from the original on 3 august 2019 retrieved 15 june 2019 resource management glossary official public account opa australian government department of finance 13 january 2016 archived from the original on 22 october 2017 retrieved 15 june 2019 retainable receipts resource management guide no 307 pdf australian government department of finance december 2017 retrieved 15 june 2019 permanent dead link twomey a 2014 public money federal state financial relations and the constitutional limits on spending public money constitutional reform unit university of sydney retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title consolidated_fund oldid 1357187029 categories government of the united kingdom 1787 establishments in great britain hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata use br...