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construct philosophy wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 overview 2 history 3 references toggle the table of contents construct philosophy 12 languages العربية esperanto español euskara فارسی hausa עברית македонски norsk bokmål português 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia object whose existence depends upon a subject s mind not to be confused with social construct an object s center of mass certainly exists in some sense but not in the same sense in which the object itself does in philosophy a construct is an object which is ideal that is an object of the mind or of thought meaning that its existence may be said to depend upon a subject s mind this contrasts with any possibly mind independent objects the existence of which purportedly does not depend on the existence of a conscious observing subject 1 thus the distinction between these two terms may be compared to that between phenomenon and noumenon in other philosophical contexts and to many of the typical definitions of the terms realism and idealism also in the correspondence theory of truth ideas such as constructs are to be judged and checked according to how well they correspond with their referents often conceived as part of a mind independent reality overview edit as mind dependent objects concepts that are typically viewed as constructs include the abstract objects designated by such symbols as 3 or 4 or words such as liberty or cold as they are seen as a result of induction or abstraction that can be later applied to observable objects or compared to other constructs therefore scientific hypotheses and theories e g evolutionary theory gravitational theory as well as classifications for example in biological taxonomy are also conceptual entities often considered to be constructs in the aforementioned sense in contrast most everyday concrete things that surround the observer can be classified as objective in the sense of being real that is believed to be existing externally to the observer how much of what the observer perceives is objective is controversial so the exact definition of constructs varies greatly across different views and philosophies the view that the senses capture most or all of the properties of external objects directly is usually associated with the term direct realism many forms of nominalism ascribe the process of conceptual construction to language itself for instance constructing the idea of fishness by drawing distinctions between the word fish and other words such as rock or through some kind of resemblance between the referents that the class implied by the word encompasses conversely platonic idealism generally maintains that a reality independent of the subject exists though this reality is seen as ideal not physical or material and so it cannot be known by the senses as such the idea of liberty or coldness is just as real as that of rockness or fishness the creation of constructs is a part of operationalization especially the creation of theoretical definitions the usefulness of one conceptualization over another depends largely on construct validity to address the non observability of constructs u s federal agencies such as the national institutes of health and the national cancer institute have created a construct database termed grid enabled measures gem to improve construct use and reuse in the philosophy of science particularly in reference to scientific theories a hypothetical construct is an explanatory variable which is not directly observable for example the concepts of intelligence and motivation are used to explain phenomena in psychology but neither is directly observable a hypothetical construct differs from an intervening variable in that it has properties and implications which have not been demonstrated in empirical research these serve as a guide to further research an intervening variable on the other hand is a summary of observed empirical findings history edit cronbach and meehl 1955 define a hypothetical construct as a concept for which there is not a single observable referent which cannot be directly observed and for which there exist multiple referents but none all inclusive 2 for example according to cronbach and meehl a fish is not a hypothetical construct because despite variation in species and varieties of fish there is an agreed upon definition for a fish with specific characteristics that distinguish a fish from a bird furthermore a fish can be directly observed on the other hand a hypothetical construct has no single referent rather hypothetical constructs consist of groups of functionally related behaviors attitudes processes and experiences instead of seeing intelligence love or fear we see indicators or manifestations of what we have agreed to call intelligence love or fear diseases like leukemia are important explanatory concepts but do not exist in the same way as a rock or a pencil mccorquodale and meehl 1948 discussed the distinction between what they called intervening variables and these hypothetical constructs 3 they describe hypothetical constructs as containing surplus meaning as they imply more than just the operations by which they are measured in the positivist tradition boring 1923 described intelligence as whatever the intelligence test measures 4 as a reaction to such operational definitions cronbach and meehl 1955 emphasized the necessity of viewing constructs like intelligence as hypothetical constructs they asserted that there is no adequate criterion for the operational definition of constructs like abilities and personality thus according to cronbach and meehl 1955 a useful construct of intelligence or personality should imply more than simply test scores instead these constructs should predict a wide range of behaviors references edit bunge m 1974 treatise on basic philosophy vol i semantics i sense and reference dordrecth boston reidel publishing co cronbach l j and meehl p e 1955 construct validity in psychological tests psychological bulletin 52 281 302 maccorquodale k meehl p e 1948 on a distinction between hypothetical constructs and intervening variables psychological review 55 95 107 boring e g 1923 intelligence as the tests test it new republic 36 35 37 v t e philosophy of science concepts analysis analytic synthetic distinction a priori and a posteriori causality mill s methods commensurability consilience construct correlation function creative synthesis demarcation problem empirical evidence experiment design thought explanatory power fact falsifiability feminist method functional contextualism hypothesis alternative null ignoramus et ignorabimus inductive reasoning intertheoretic reduction inquiry measurement nature objectivity observation paradigm problem of induction research scientific evidence evidence based practice scientific law scientific method scientific pluralism scientific revolution testability theory choice ladenness scientific underdetermination unity of science variable control dependent and independent theories coherentism confirmation holism constructive empiricism constructive realism constructivist epistemology contextualism conventionalism deductive nomological model epistemological anarchism evolutionism fallibilism foundationalism hypothetico deductive model inductionism instrumentalism model dependent realism naturalism physicalism positivism reductionism determinism pragmatism rationalism vs empiricism the received view vs the semantic view of theories scientific essentialism scientific formalism scientific realism vs anti realism scientific skepticism scientism structuralism uniformitarianism verificationism vitalism philosophy of biology chemistry physics space and time social science archaeology economics geography history linguistics psychology related topics criticism of science descriptive science epistemology exact sciences faith and rationality hard and soft science history and philosophy of science non science pseudoscience normative science protoscience questionable cause relationship between religion and science rhetoric of science science studies sociology of scientific ignorance sociology of scientific knowledge philosophers of science precursors roger bacon francis bacon galileo galilei isaac newton david hume auguste comte henri poincaré pierre duhem karl pearson charles sanders peirce wilhelm windelband alfred north whitehead jacques maritain bertrand russell otto neurath c d broad michael polanyi hans reichenbach rudolf carnap karl popper carl gustav hempel w v o quine thomas kuhn imre lakatos paul feyerabend ian hacking bas van fraassen larry laudan stathis psillos category authority control databases gnd retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title construct_ philosophy oldid 1286395909 categories concepts in epistemology concepts in metaphysics concepts in the philosophy of science scientific method abstract object theory hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata this page was last edited on 19 april 2025 at 17 28 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and 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