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Text of the page (random words):
f a constituent impurity or some other undesirable element that renders something unsuitable unfit or harmful for the physical body natural environment workplace etc 1 2 3 types of contamination edit within the sciences the word contamination can take on a variety of subtle differences in meaning whether the contaminant is a solid or a liquid 3 as well as the variance of environment the contaminant is found to be in 2 a contaminant may even be more abstract as in the case of an unwanted energy source that may interfere with a process 2 the following represent examples of different types of contamination based on these and other variances chemical contamination edit in chemistry the term contamination usually describes a single constituent but in specialized fields the term can also mean chemical mixtures even up to the level of cellular materials all chemicals contain some level of impurity contamination may be recognized or not and may become an issue if the impure chemical causes additional chemical reactions when mixed with other chemicals or mixtures chemical reactions resulting from the presence of an impurity may at times be beneficial in which case the label contaminant may be replaced with reactant or catalyst this may be true even in physical chemistry where for example the introduction of an impurity in an intrinsic semiconductor positively increases conductivity 4 if the additional reactions are detrimental other terms are often applied such as toxin poison or pollutant depending on the type of molecule involved 5 chemical decontamination of substance can be achieved through decomposition neutralization and physical processes though a clear understanding of the underlying chemistry is required 6 environmental contamination edit in environmental chemistry the term contamination is in some cases virtually equivalent to pollution where the main interest is the harm done on a large scale to humans organisms or environments an environmental contaminant may be chemical in nature though it may also be a biological pathogenic bacteria virus invasive species or physical energy agent 7 environmental monitoring is one mechanism available to scientists to detect contamination activities early before they become too detrimental agricultural contamination edit main article biocontainment of genetically modified organisms another type of environmental contaminant can be found in the form of genetically modified organisms gmos specifically when they come in contact with organic agriculture this sort of contamination can result in the decertification of a farm 8 this sort of contamination can at times be difficult to control necessitating mechanisms for compensating farmers where there has been contamination by gmos 9 a parliamentary inquiry in western australia considered a range of options for compensating farmers whose farms had been contaminated by gmos but ultimately settled on recommending no action 10 food beverage and pharmaceutical contamination edit main articles food contaminant and list of medicine contamination incidents in food chemistry and medicinal chemistry the term contamination is used to describe harmful intrusions such as the presence of toxins or pathogens in food or medications 6 11 12 13 14 another important concept is cross contamination which refers to the unintentional transfer of contaminants between samples surfaces or environments potentially causing misleading results or safety hazards 15 food contaminant detection methods edit the conventional food contaminant test methods may be limited by complicated tedious sample preparing procedure long testing time sumptuous instrument and professional operator 16 however some rapid novel sensitive and easy to use and affordable methods were developed including cyanidin quantification by naphthalimide based azo dye colorimetric probe 17 lead quantification by modified immunoassay test strip based on a heterogeneously sized gold amplified probe 18 microbial toxin by hplc with uv vis or fluorescence detection 19 and competitive immunoassays with elisa configuration 20 bacterial virulence genes detection reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction rt pcr and dna colony hybridization 21 pesticide detection and quantification by strip based immunoassay 22 23 a test strip based on functionalized aunps 24 and test strip surface enhanced raman spectroscopy sers 16 enrofloxacin chickens antibiotic quantification by a ru phen 3 2 doped silica fluorescent nanoparticle np based immunochromatographic test strip and a portable fluorescent strip reader 25 nitrite quantification by the prhb based electrochemical sensors 26 and ion selective electrodes ises 27 radioactive contamination edit in environments where nuclear safety and radiation protection are required radioactive contamination is a concern radioactive substances can appear on surfaces or within solids liquids or gases including the human body where their presence is unintended or undesirable and processes can give rise to their presence in such places 28 29 several examples of radioactive contamination include residual radioactive material remaining at a site after the completion of decommissioning of a site where there was a nuclear reactor such as a power plant experimental reactor isotope reactor or a nuclear powered ship or submarine 30 ingested or absorbed radioactive material that contaminates a biological entity whether unintentionally or intentionally such as with radiopharmaceuticals 31 escape of elements after nuclear accident such as the contamination of iodine 131 and caesium 137 after the nuclear disaster in chernobyl ukraine 32 note that the term radioactive contamination may have a connotation that is not intended the term refers only to the presence of radioactivity and gives no indication itself of the magnitude of the hazard involved however radioactivity can be measured as a quantity in a given location or on a surface or on a unit area of a surface such as a square meter or centimeter like environmental monitoring radiation monitoring can be employed to catch contamination causing activities before much harm interplanetary contamination edit interplanetary contamination occurs when a planetary body is biologically contaminated by a space probe or spacecraft either deliberately or unintentionally this can work both on arrival to the foreign planetary body and upon return to earth 33 rubbish contamination edit in jurisdictions where different types of waste are disposed of separately for example recycling and food waste contamination occurs when rubbish is put in the incorrect container examples include putting plastic bags in food waste bins or plastic wrappings or bags in recycling 34 when recycling contamination occurs it can spoil all of the items that have been collected 35 recycling contamination is a widespread problem and reduces the value of the items to be recycled with the costs typically passed to the municipality or authority paying for waste collection 36 contaminated evidence edit main article contaminated evidence in forensic science evidence can become contaminated contamination of fingerprints hair skin or dna from first responders or from sources not related to the ongoing investigation such as family members or friends of the victim who are not suspects can lead to wrongful convictions mistrials or dismissal of evidence 37 38 contaminated samples edit contamination on agar plate in the biological sciences accidental introduction of foreign material can seriously distort the results of experiments where small samples are used in cases where the contaminant is a living microorganism it can often multiply to dominate the sample and render it useless as in contaminated cell culture lines a similar affect can be seen in geology geochemistry and archaeology where even a few grains of a material can distort results of sophisticated experiments 39 see also edit exposome references edit contaminate merriam webster com dictionary merriam webster oclc 1032680871 retrieved 11 april 2019 1 2 3 donovan r p 2001 1 introduction in donovan r p ed contamination free manufacturing for semiconductors and other precision products crc press pp 1 3 isbn 9780824703806 archived from the original on 2020 02 08 retrieved 2019 07 15 1 2 ramstorp m 2008 2 contaminants introduction to contamination control and cleanroom technology john wiley sons pp 20 26 isbn 9783527613137 archived from the original on 2020 02 08 retrieved 2019 07 15 moudgil h k 2014 textbook of physical chemistry phi learning p 278 isbn 9788120350625 archived from the original on 2020 02 08 retrieved 2019 04 12 alters s 2000 biology understanding life jones bartlett learning p 828 isbn 9780763708375 archived from the original on 2020 02 08 retrieved 2019 04 12 1 2 midcalf b 2004 pharmaceutical isolators a guide to their application design and control pharmaceutical press pp 88 89 isbn 9780853695738 archived from the original on 2020 02 08 retrieved 2019 04 12 vallero d a 2010 6 fundamentals of environmental chemistry environmental contaminants assessment and control elsevier pp 289 332 isbn 9780080470351 archived from the original on 2020 02 08 retrieved 2019 04 12 paull j 2014 editorial organic versus gmo farming contamination what contamination journal of organic systems 9 1 2 4 archived from the original on 2018 04 21 retrieved 2019 04 12 paull j 2018 compensation for gmo contamination international sustainable development research society newsletter 3 8 archived from the original on 2020 01 19 retrieved 2019 04 12 paull john 2019 contamination of farms by genetically modified organisms gmos options for compensation archived 2019 09 21 at the wayback machine journal of organics 6 1 31 46 bohrer d 2012 preface sources of contamination in medicinal products and medical devices john wiley sons isbn 9781118449059 archived from the original on 2021 12 04 retrieved 2019 04 12 rose m 2014 environmental contaminants in dikeman m devine c eds encyclopedia of meat sciences vol 1 2nd ed elsevier pp 497 501 isbn 9780123847348 archived from the original on 2020 02 08 retrieved 2019 04 12 wilson c l ed 2008 preface food a necessity and a threat microbial food contamination crc press pp xi xvi isbn 9781420008470 archived from the original on 2021 12 04 retrieved 2019 04 12 ogbede j u giaever g nislow c a genome wide portrait of pervasive drug contaminants sci rep 11 12487 2021 https doi org 10 1038 s41598 021 91792 1 archived 2021 12 04 at the wayback machine alyosffi eshtiaq a humaid abdulrahman a al haidary naif mohammed 2025 bacterial contamination of circulating yemeni banknotes in sana a city evidence from a cross sectional study medical and pharmaceutical journal 4 3 194 200 doi 10 55940 medphar2025156 1 2 chiou jiachi leung arthur ho hon lee hang wai wong wing tak 2015 11 01 rapid testing methods for food contaminants and toxicants journal of integrative agriculture 14 11 2243 2264 bibcode 2015jiagr 14 2243c doi 10 1016 s2095 3119 15 61119 4 issn 2095 3119 garg bhaskar yan linyin bisht tanuja zhu chaoyuan ling yong chien 2014 08 15 a phenothiazine based colorimetric chemodosimeter for the rapid detection of cyanide anions in organic and aqueous media rsc advances 4 68 36344 36349 bibcode 2014rscad 436344g doi 10 1039 c4ra06440b issn 2046 2069 kuang hua xing changrui hao changlong liu liqiang wang libing xu chuanlai april 2013 rapid and highly sensitive detection of lead ions in drinking water based on a strip immunosensor sensors 13 4 4214 4224 bibcode 2013senso 13 4214k doi 10 3390 s130404214 issn 1424 8220 pmc 3673080 pmid 23539028 copetti marina v iamanaka beatriz t pitt john i taniwaki marta h 2014 05 16 fungi and mycotoxins in cocoa from farm to chocolate international journal of food microbiology 178 13 20 doi 10 1016 j ijfoodmicro 2014 02 023 issn 0168 1605 pmid 24667314 maragos chris december 2009 fluorescence polarization immunoassay of mycotoxins a review toxins 1 2 196 207 doi 10 3390 toxins1020196 issn 2072 6651 pmc 3202780 pmid 22069541 zhu kui dietrich richard didier andrea doyscher dominik märtlbauer erwin april 2014 recent developments in antibody based assays for the detection of bacterial toxins toxins 6 4 1325 1348 doi 10 3390 toxins6041325 issn 2072 6651 pmc 4014736 pmid 24732203 blažková martina rauch pavel fukal ladislav 2010 05 15 strip based immunoassay for rapid detection of thiabendazole biosensors and bioelectronics 25 9 2122 2128 doi 10 1016 j bios 2010 02 011 issn 0956 5663 pmid 20236817 holubová mičková barbora blažková martina fukal ladislav rauch pavel 2010 07 01 development of colloidal carbon based immunochromatographic strip for rapid detection of carbaryl in fruit juices european food research and technology 231 3 467 473 doi 10 1007 s00217 010 1301 z issn 1438 2385 s2cid 97326355 imene boussouar cui zhimin zhang xiaoyan gan bing yin yanchao tian yuanyuan deng hongtao li haibing 2014 08 01 4 amino 3 mercaptobenzoic acid functionalized gold nanoparticles synthesis selective recognition and colorimetric detection of cyhalothrin sensors and actuators b chemical 199 161 167 bibcode 2014seacb 199 161i doi 10 1016 j snb 2014 03 097 issn 0925 4005 huang xiaolin aguilar zoraida p li huaiming lai weihua wei hua xu hengyi xiong yonghua 2013 05 21 fluorescent ru phen 3 2 doped silica nanoparticles based icts sensor for quantitative detection of enrofloxacin residues in chicken meat analytical chemistry 85 10 5120 5128 doi 10 1021 ac400502v issn 0003 2700 pmid 23614687 lu limin zhang ou xu jingkun wen yangping duan xuemin yu hongmei wu liping nie tao 2013 05 01 a facile one step redox route for the synthesis of graphene poly 3 4 ethylenedioxythiophene nanocomposite and their applications in biosensing sensors and actuators b chemical 181 567 574 bibcode 2013seacb 181 567l doi 10 1016 j snb 2013 02 024 issn 0925 4005 parks sophie e irving donald e milham paul j 2012 02 01 a critical evaluation of on farm rapid tests for measuring nitrate in leafy vegetables scientia horticulturae 134 1 6 bibcode 2012schor 134 1p doi 10 1016 j scienta 2011 10 015 issn 0304 4238 international atomic energy agency 2007 iaea safety glossary terminology used in nuclear safety and radiation protection 2007 edition pdf international atomic energy agency p 227 isbn 978 9201007070 archived pdf from the original on 18 january 2020 retrieved 11 april 2019 international atomic energy agency 2010 programmes and systems for source and environmental radiation monitoring safety reporsts series no 64 international atomic energy agency p 234 isbn 9789201124098 archived from the original on 24 december 2019 retrieved 11 april 2019 chatzis i 26 july 2017 decommissioning and environmental remediation iaea conference to start on monday international atomic energy agency archived from the original on 21 may 2016 retrieved 11 april 2019 stanford environmental health and safety 29 june 2017 radiation protection guidance for hospital staff pdf...